First published online November 24, 2004; 10.1104/pp.104.053835
Plant Physiology 136:4114-4126 (2004)
© 2004 American Society of Plant Biologists
CELL BIOLOGY AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
Inactivation of the clpC1 Gene Encoding a Chloroplast Hsp100 Molecular Chaperone Causes Growth Retardation, Leaf Chlorosis, Lower Photosynthetic Activity, and a Specific Reduction in Photosystem Content1
Lars L.E. Sjögren,
Tara M. MacDonald,
Sirkka Sutinen and
Adrian K. Clarke*
Botanical Institute, Göteborg University, SE–405 30 Göteborg, Sweden (L.L.E.S., T.M.M., A.K.C.); and The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Joensuu Research Center, Fin–801 01, Finland (S.S.)
ClpC is a molecular chaperone of the Hsp100 family. In higher plants there are two chloroplast-localized paralogs (ClpC1 and ClpC2) that are approximately 93% similar in primary sequence. In this study, we have characterized two independent Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) clpC1 T-DNA insertion mutants lacking on average 65% of total ClpC content. Both mutants display a retarded-growth phenotype, leaves with a homogenous chlorotic appearance throughout all developmental stages, and more perpendicular secondary influorescences. Photosynthetic performance was also impaired in both knockout lines, with relatively fewer photosystem I and photosystem II complexes, but no changes in ATPase and Rubisco content. However, despite the specific drop in photosystem I and photosystem II content, no changes in leaf cell anatomy or chloroplast ultrastructure were observed in the mutants compared to the wild type. Previously proposed functions for envelope-associated ClpC in chloroplast protein import and degradation of mistargeted precursors were examined and shown not to be significantly impaired in the clpC1 mutants. In the stroma, where the majority of ClpC protein is localized, marked increases of all ClpP paralogs were observed in the clpC1 mutants but less variation for the ClpR paralogs and a corresponding decrease in the other chloroplast-localized Hsp100 protein, ClpD. Increased amounts of other stromal molecular chaperones (Cpn60, Hsp70, and Hsp90) and several RNA-binding proteins were also observed. Our data suggest that overall ClpC as a stromal molecular chaperone plays a vital role in chloroplast function and leaf development and is likely involved in photosystem biogenesis.
1 This work was supported by the Swedish Research Council (VR), the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (Formas), the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Education (STINT), and an overseas postgraduate scholarship from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (to T.M.M.).
Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.104.053835.
* Corresponding author; e-mail adrian.clarke{at}botany.gu.se; fax 46–31–7732626.
Received September 21, 2004;
returned for revision October 7, 2004;
accepted October 9, 2004.
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