First published online March 18, 2005; 10.1104/pp.104.057018
Plant Physiology 137:1420-1434 (2005)
© 2005 American Society of Plant Biologists
GENETICS, GENOMICS, AND MOLECULAR EVOLUTION
Conservation of Arabidopsis Flowering Genes in Model Legumes1,[w]
Valérie Hecht,
Fabrice Foucher2,
Cristina Ferrándiz,
Richard Macknight,
Cristina Navarro3,
Julie Morin,
Megan E. Vardy,
Noel Ellis,
José Pío Beltrán,
Catherine Rameau and
James L. Weller*
School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (V.H., M.E.V., J.L.W.); Station de Génétique et d'Amélioration des Plantes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78026 Versailles, France (F.F., J.M., C.R.); Departamento de Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.F., C.N., J.P.B.); Department of Biochemistry, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand (R.M.); and Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (N.E.)
The model plants Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa) have provided a wealth of information about genes and genetic pathways controlling the flowering process, but little is known about the corresponding pathways in legumes. The garden pea (Pisum sativum) has been used for several decades as a model system for physiological genetics of flowering, but the lack of molecular information about pea flowering genes has prevented direct comparison with other systems. To address this problem, we have searched expressed sequence tag and genome sequence databases to identify flowering-gene-related sequences from Medicago truncatula, soybean (Glycine max), and Lotus japonicus, and isolated corresponding sequences from pea by degenerate-primer polymerase chain reaction and library screening. We found that the majority of Arabidopsis flowering genes are represented in pea and in legume sequence databases, although several gene families, including the MADS-box, CONSTANS, and FLOWERING LOCUS T/TERMINAL FLOWER1 families, appear to have undergone differential expansion, and several important Arabidopsis genes, including FRIGIDA and members of the FLOWERING LOCUS C clade, are conspicuously absent. In several cases, pea and Medicago orthologs are shown to map to conserved map positions, emphasizing the closely syntenic relationship between these two species. These results demonstrate the potential benefit of parallel model systems for an understanding of flowering phenology in crop and model legume species.
1 This work was supported by the Australian Research Council Discovery Project (grant no. DP0210947 to J.L.W.), Génoplante (project PEA-A; C.R.), the Secretaría General del Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica y Desarrollo Tecnológico (grant no. BIO2000–0940 to J.P.B.), the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (fellowships to C.F. and C.N.), the European Union Grain Legumes Integrated Project (grant no. FP6–2002–FOOD–1–506223 to N.E. and C.R.), and a New Zealand FRS&T Fellowship and Marsden Fund grant (R.M.).
2 Present address: UMR GenHort Génétique et Horticulture, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 42 rue G. Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé, France.
3 Present address: Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany.
[w] The online version of this article contains Web-only data.
Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.104.057018.
* Corresponding author; e-mail jim.weller{at}utas.edu.au; fax 61–3–6226–2698.
Received November 19, 2004;
returned for revision January 27, 2005;
accepted January 30, 2005.
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