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ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS AND ADAPTATION

Citrate Secretion Coupled with the Modulation of Soybean Root Tip under Aluminum Stress. Up-Regulation of Transcription, Translation, and Threonine-Oriented Phosphorylation of Plasma Membrane H⁺-ATPase¹

Lab of Plant Nutritional Genetics and Root Biology Center, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China (H. Shen, X.L.Y.); Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710–0046, Japan (H. Shen, L.F.H., T.S., Y.Y., S.J.Z., A.L., M.Y., H.M.); Agricultural Plant Stress Research Center, Division of Applied Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500–757, Korea (S.J.A); and Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, Okayama 700–8530, Japan (H. Sasakawa)

The aluminum (Al)-induced secretion of citrate has been regarded as an important mechanism for Al resistance in soybean (Glycine max). However, the mechanism of how Al induces citrate secretion remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the regulatory role of plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase on the Al-induced secretion of citrate from soybean roots. Experiments performed with plants grown in full nutrient solution showed that Al-induced activity of plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase paralleled secretion of citrate. Vanadate and fusicoccin, an inhibitor and an activator, respectively, of plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase, exerted inhibitory and stimulatory effects on the Al-induced secretion of citrate. Higher activity of plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase coincided with more citrate secretion in Al-resistant than Al-sensitive soybean cultivars. These results suggested that the effects of Al stress on citrate secretion were mediated via modulation of the activity of plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase. The relationship between the Al-induced secretion of citrate and the activity of plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase was further demonstrated by analysis of plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). When plants were grown on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 30 µM Al (9.1 µM Al³⁺ activity), transgenic plants exuded more citrate compared with wild-type Arabidopsis. Results from real-time reverse transcription-PCR and immunodetection analysis indicated that the increase of plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase activity by Al is caused by transcriptional and translational regulation. Furthermore, plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase activity and expression were higher in an Al-resistant cultivar than in an Al-sensitive cultivar. Al activated the threonine-oriented phosphorylation of plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Taken together, our results demonstrated that up-regulation of plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase activity was associated with the secretion of citrate from soybean roots.

Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.104.058065.

^* Corresponding author; e-mail hmatsumo{at}rib.okayama-u.ac.jp; fax 81–86–434–1210.

Received December 11, 2004; returned for revision February 15, 2005; accepted February 21, 2005.

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