First published online May 27, 2005; 10.1104/pp.105.060947
Plant Physiology 138:1027-1036 (2005)
© 2005 American Society of Plant Biologists
PLANTS INTERACTING WITH OTHER ORGANISMS
Loss-of-Function Mutations in Chitin Responsive Genes Show Increased Susceptibility to the Powdery Mildew Pathogen Erysiphe cichoracearum1,[w]
Katrina Ramonell*,
Marta Berrocal-Lobo,
Serry Koh,
Jinrong Wan,
Herb Edwards,
Gary Stacey and
Shauna Somerville
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487–0344 (K.R.); Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California 94305 (M.B.-L., S.K., S.S.); National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (J.W., G.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois 61455–1390 (H.E.)
Chitin is a major component of fungal walls and insect exoskeletons. Plants produce chitinases upon pathogen attack and chito-oligomers induce defense responses in plants, though the exact mechanism behind this response is unknown. Using the ATH1 Affymetrix microarrays consisting of about 23,000 genes, we examined the response of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings to chito-octamers and hydrolyzed chitin after 30 min of treatment. The expression patterns elicited by the chito-octamer and hydrolyzed chitin were similar. Microarray expression profiles for several genes were verified via northern analysis or quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. We characterized T-DNA insertion mutants for nine chito-oligomer responsive genes. Three of the mutants were more susceptible to the fungal pathogen, powdery mildew, than wild type as measured by conidiophore production. These three mutants included mutants of genes for two disease resistance-like proteins and a putative E3 ligase. The isolation of loss-of-function mutants with enhanced disease susceptibility provides direct evidence that the chito-octamer is an important oligosaccharide elicitor of plant defenses. Also, this study demonstrates the value of microarray data for identifying new components of uncharacterized signaling pathways.
1 This work was supported by the Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy (grant no. DE–FG02–02ER15309 to G.S.), by the National Science Foundation (grant no. 0114783 to S.S.), by the Carnegie Institution (to S.S. and M.B.-L.), by the Spanish government (fellowship to M.B.-L.), and by the University of Alabama (to K.M.R.).
[w] The online version of this article contains Web-only data.
Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.105.060947.
* Corresponding author; e-mail kramonel{at}bama.ua.edu; fax 205–348–1768.
Received February 9, 2005;
returned for revision March 17, 2005;
accepted March 17, 2005.
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