This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Supplemental Data All Versions of this Article: 138/2/1163    most recent pp.105.061309v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via CrossRef Citing Articles via Web of Science (52) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Shindo, C. Articles by Dean, C. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Shindo, C. Articles by Dean, C. Agricola Articles by Shindo, C. Articles by Dean, C.

WHOLE PLANT AND ECOPHYSIOLOGY

Role of FRIGIDA and FLOWERING LOCUS C in Determining Variation in Flowering Time of Arabidopsis^1,[w]

Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (C.S., C.L., C.B., C.N., C.D.); and Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089–1340 (M.J.A., M.N.)

Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) accessions provide an excellent resource to dissect the molecular basis of adaptation. We have selected 192 Arabidopsis accessions collected to represent worldwide and local variation and analyzed two adaptively important traits, flowering time and vernalization response. There was huge variation in the flowering habit of the different accessions, with no simple relationship to latitude of collection site and considerable diversity occurring within local regions. We explored the contribution to this variation from the two genes FRIGIDA (FRI) and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), previously shown to be important determinants in natural variation of flowering time. A correlation of FLC expression with flowering time and vernalization was observed, but it was not as strong as anticipated due to many late-flowering/vernalization-requiring accessions being associated with low FLC expression and early-flowering accessions with high FLC expression. Sequence analysis of FRI revealed which accessions were likely to carry functional alleles, and, from comparison of flowering time with allelic type, we estimate that approximately 70% of flowering time variation can be accounted for by allelic variation of FRI. The maintenance and propagation of 20 independent nonfunctional FRI haplotypes suggest that the loss-of-function mutations can confer a strong selective advantage. Accessions with a common FRI haplotype were, in some cases, associated with very different FLC levels and wide variation in flowering time, suggesting additional variation at FLC itself or other genes regulating FLC. These data reveal how useful these Arabidopsis accessions will be in dissecting the complex molecular variation that has led to the adaptive phenotypic variation in flowering time.

^[w] The online version of this article contains Web-only data.

Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.105.061309.

^* Corresponding author; e-mail caroline.dean{at}bbsrc.ac.uk; fax 44–1603–450025.

Received February 14, 2005; returned for revision March 22, 2005; accepted March 22, 2005.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				N. Geraldo, I. Baurle, S.-i. Kidou, X. Hu, and C. Dean FRIGIDA Delays Flowering in Arabidopsis via a Cotranscriptional Mechanism Involving Direct Interaction with the Nuclear Cap-Binding Complex Plant Physiology, July 1, 2009; 150(3): 1611 - 1618. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Takahashi, K. M. Teshima, S. Yokoi, H. Innan, and K. Shimamoto Variations in Hd1 proteins, Hd3a promoters, and Ehd1 expression levels contribute to diversity of flowering time in cultivated rice PNAS, March 17, 2009; 106(11): 4555 - 4560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. L. Caicedo, C. Richards, I. M. Ehrenreich, and M. D. Purugganan Complex Rearrangements Lead to Novel Chimeric Gene Fusion Polymorphisms at the Arabidopsis thaliana MAF2-5 Flowering Time Gene Cluster Mol. Biol. Evol., March 1, 2009; 26(3): 699 - 711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. L. Stern and V. Orgogozo Is Genetic Evolution Predictable? Science, February 6, 2009; 323(5915): 746 - 751. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Simon, O. Loudet, S. Durand, A. Berard, D. Brunel, F.-X. Sennesal, M. Durand-Tardif, G. Pelletier, and C. Camilleri Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping in Five New Large Recombinant Inbred Line Populations of Arabidopsis thaliana Genotyped With Consensus Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Markers Genetics, April 1, 2008; 178(4): 2253 - 2264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. Torjek, R. C. Meyer, M. Zehnsdorf, M. Teltow, G. Strompen, H. Witucka-Wall, A. Blacha, and T. Altmann Construction and Analysis of 2 Reciprocal Arabidopsis Introgression Line Populations J. Hered., February 28, 2008; (2008) esn014v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Lazaro, A. Gomez-Zambrano, L. Lopez-Gonzalez, M. Pineiro, and J. A. Jarillo Mutations in the Arabidopsis SWC6 gene, encoding a component of the SWR1 chromatin remodelling complex, accelerate flowering time and alter leaf and flower development J. Exp. Bot., February 21, 2008; (2008) erm332v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. R. Andersson, C. A. Helliwell, D. J. Bagnall, T. P. Hughes, E. J. Finnegan, W. J. Peacock, and E. S. Dennis The FLX Gene of Arabidopsis is Required for FRI-Dependent Activation of FLC Expression Plant Cell Physiol., February 1, 2008; 49(2): 191 - 200. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Kuittinen, A. Niittyvuopio, P. Rinne, and O. Savolainen Natural Variation in Arabidopsis lyrata Vernalization Requirement Conferred by a FRIGIDA Indel Polymorphism Mol. Biol. Evol., February 1, 2008; 25(2): 319 - 329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Long, J. Shi, D. Qiu, R. Li, C. Zhang, J. Wang, J. Hou, J. Zhao, L. Shi, B.-S. Park, et al. Flowering Time Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis of Oilseed Brassica in Multiple Environments and Genomewide Alignment with Arabidopsis Genetics, December 1, 2007; 177(4): 2433 - 2444. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Scarcelli, J. M. Cheverud, B. A. Schaal, and P. X. Kover Antagonistic pleiotropic effects reduce the potential adaptive value of the FRIGIDA locus PNAS, October 23, 2007; 104(43): 16986 - 16991. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Izawa Adaptation of flowering-time by natural and artificial selection in Arabidopsis and rice J. Exp. Bot., September 1, 2007; 58(12): 3091 - 3097. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Jolivet and G. Bernasconi Molecular and Quantitative Genetic Differentiation in European Populations of Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae) Ann. Bot., July 1, 2007; 100(1): 119 - 127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Shindo, G. Bernasconi, and C. S. Hardtke Natural Genetic Variation in Arabidopsis: Tools, Traits and Prospects for Evolutionary Ecology Ann. Bot., June 1, 2007; 99(6): 1043 - 1054. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. E. Hoballah, T. Gubitz, J. Stuurman, L. Broger, M. Barone, T. Mandel, A. Dell'Olivo, M. Arnold, and C. Kuhlemeier Single Gene-Mediated Shift in Pollinator Attraction in Petunia PLANT CELL, March 1, 2007; 19(3): 779 - 790. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. C. Gonzalez-Martinez, N. C. Wheeler, E. Ersoz, C. D. Nelson, and D. B. Neale Association Genetics in Pinus taeda L. I. Wood Property Traits Genetics, January 1, 2007; 175(1): 399 - 409. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. R. Schlappi FRIGIDA LIKE 2 Is a Functional Allele in Landsberg erecta and Compensates for a Nonsense Allele of FRIGIDA LIKE 1 Plant Physiology, December 1, 2006; 142(4): 1728 - 1738. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Shindo, C. Lister, P. Crevillen, M. Nordborg, and C. Dean Variation in the epigenetic silencing of FLC contributes to natural variation in Arabidopsis vernalization response. Genes & Dev., November 15, 2006; 20(22): 3079 - 3083. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Wang, L. Tian, H.-S. Lee, and Z. J. Chen Nonadditive Regulation of FRI and FLC Loci Mediates Flowering-Time Variation in Arabidopsis Allopolyploids Genetics, June 1, 2006; 173(2): 965 - 974. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Martin-Trillo, A. Lazaro, R. S. Poethig, C. Gomez-Mena, M. A. Pineiro, J. M. Martinez-Zapater, and J. A. Jarillo EARLY IN SHORT DAYS 1 (ESD1) encodes ACTIN-RELATED PROTEIN 6 (AtARP6), a putative component of chromatin remodelling complexes that positively regulates FLC accumulation in Arabidopsis Development, April 1, 2006; 133(7): 1241 - 1252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. E. El-Lithy, L. Bentsink, C. J. Hanhart, G. J. Ruys, D. Rovito, J. L. M. Broekhof, H. J. A. van der Poel, M. J. T. van Eijk, D. Vreugdenhil, and M. Koornneef New Arabidopsis Recombinant Inbred Line Populations Genotyped Using SNPWave and Their Use for Mapping Flowering-Time Quantitative Trait Loci Genetics, March 1, 2006; 172(3): 1867 - 1876. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. J. Schmitz, L. Hong, S. Michaels, and R. M. Amasino FRIGIDA-ESSENTIAL 1 interacts genetically with FRIGIDA and FRIGIDA-LIKE 1 to promote the winter-annual habit of Arabidopsis thaliana Development, December 15, 2005; 132(24): 5471 - 5478. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]