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First published online September 16, 2005; 10.1104/pp.105.065243 Plant Physiology 139:896-908 (2005) © 2005 American Society of Plant Biologists Arabidopsis RAD51C Gene Is Important for Homologous Recombination in Meiosis and Mitosis1Department of Plant Biotechnology (K.A., K.O., A.T., H.I., S. Toki) and Genetic Diversity Department (S.N.), National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8602, Japan; Graduate School of Life Environment Science, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0005, Japan (M.E.); and Food Hygiene Team, National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8642, Japan (S. Todoriki)
Rad51 is a homolog of the bacterial RecA recombinase, and a key factor in homologous recombination in eukaryotes. Rad51 paralogs have been identified from yeast to vertebrates. Rad51 paralogs are thought to play an important role in the assembly or stabilization of Rad51 that promotes homologous pairing and strand exchange reactions. We previously characterized two RAD51 paralogous genes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) named AtRAD51C and AtXRCC3, which are homologs of human RAD51C and XRCC3, respectively, and described the interaction of their products in a yeast two-hybrid system. Recent studies showed the involvement of AtXrcc3 in DNA repair and functional role in meiosis. To determine the role of RAD51C in meiotic and mitotic recombination in higher plants, we characterized a T-DNA insertion mutant of AtRAD51C. Although the atrad51C mutant grew normally during vegetative developmental stage, the mutant produced aborted siliques, and their anthers did not contain mature pollen grains. Crossing of the mutant with wild-type plants showed defective male and female gametogeneses as evidenced by lack of seed production. Furthermore, meiosis was severely disturbed in the mutant. The atrad51C mutant also showed increased sensitivity to
1 This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid from the Program for Promotion of Basic Research Activities for Innovative Biosciences (grant to H.I. and S.T.), by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan, and by a Grant-in-Aid from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (fellowship to M.E.). Part of this work was also supported by the Budget for Nuclear Research of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, based on the screening and counseling by the Atomic Energy Commission. 2 These authors contributed equally to the paper. 3 Present address: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6547, Université Blaise Pascal, 24, avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubiére, France. Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.105.065243. * Corresponding author; e-mail stoki{at}affrc.go.jp, fax 81–29–838–8450. Received May 9, 2005; returned for revision July 26, 2005; accepted August 9, 2005. Related articles in Plant Physiol.:
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-irradiation and cisplatin, which are known to induce double-strand DNA breaks. The efficiency of homologous recombination in somatic cells in the mutant was markedly reduced relative to that in wild-type plants. 
