First published online November 18, 2005; 10.1104/pp.105.070805
Plant Physiology 139:1649-1665 (2005)
© 2005 American Society of Plant Biologists
BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES AND MACROMOLECULAR STRUCTURES
Cuticular Lipid Composition, Surface Structure, and Gene Expression in Arabidopsis Stem Epidermis1,[W]
Mi Chung Suh,
A. Lacey Samuels,
Reinhard Jetter,
Ljerka Kunst,
Mike Pollard,
John Ohlrogge and
Fred Beisson*
Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (M.P., J.O., F.B.); Department of Plant Biotechnology and Agricultural Plant Stress Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500–757, Korea (M.C.S.); and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (A.L.S., R.J., L.K.)
All vascular plants are protected from the environment by a cuticle, a lipophilic layer synthesized by epidermal cells and composed of a cutin polymer matrix and waxes. The mechanism by which epidermal cells accumulate and assemble cuticle components in rapidly expanding organs is largely unknown. We have begun to address this question by analyzing the lipid compositional variance, the surface micromorphology, and the transcriptome of epidermal cells in elongating Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) stems. The rate of cell elongation is maximal near the apical meristem and decreases steeply toward the middle of the stem, where it is 10 times slower. During and after this elongation, the cuticular wax load and composition remain remarkably constant (32 µg/cm2), indicating that the biosynthetic flux into waxes is closely matched to surface area expansion. By contrast, the load of polyester monomers per unit surface area decreases more than 2-fold from the upper (8 µg/cm2) to the lower (3 µg/cm2) portion of the stem, although the compositional variance is minor. To aid identification of proteins involved in the biosynthesis of waxes and cutin, we have isolated epidermal peels from Arabidopsis stems and determined transcript profiles in both rapidly expanding and nonexpanding cells. This transcriptome analysis was validated by the correct classification of known epidermis-specific genes. The 15% transcripts preferentially expressed in the epidermis were enriched in genes encoding proteins predicted to be membrane associated and involved in lipid metabolism. An analysis of the lipid-related subset is presented.
1 This work was supported by the Dow Chemical Company, Dow AgroSciences, a U.S. Department of Agriculture National Research Initiative grant (grant no. 05–35318–15419 to M.P. and F.B.), the Canadian National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada Special Research Opportunity Grant (grant no. 305360–04 to A.L.S., R.J., and L.K.), and the Plant Signaling Network Research Center and the Agricultural Plant Stress Research Center Grant of the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (grant no. R11–2001–0920301–0 to M.C.S.).
The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantphysiol.org) is: Fred Beisson (beisson{at}msu.edu).
[W] The online version of this article contains Web-only data.
Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.105.070805.
* Corresponding author; e-mail beisson{at}msu.edu; fax 517–353–1926.
Received August 31, 2005;
returned for revision September 22, 2005;
accepted September 23, 2005.
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