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ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS AND ADAPTATION TO STRESS

Populus euphratica Displays Apoplastic Sodium Accumulation, Osmotic Adjustment by Decreases in Calcium and Soluble Carbohydrates, and Develops Leaf Succulence under Salt Stress^1,[W]

Institut für Forstbotanik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany (E.A.O., M.B., T.T., E.F., A.P.); Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Würzburg, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany (W.K.); Plant Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland (M.B., J.K.); and College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China (X.J.)

Populus euphratica Olivier is known to exist in saline and arid environments. In this study we investigated the physiological mechanisms enabling this species to cope with stress caused by salinity. Acclimation to increasing Na⁺ concentrations required adjustments of the osmotic pressure of leaves, which were achieved by accumulation of Na⁺ and compensatory decreases in calcium and soluble carbohydrates. The counterbalance of Na⁺/Ca²⁺ was also observed in mature leaves from field-grown P. euphratica trees exposed to an environmental gradient of increasing salinity. X-ray microanalysis showed that a primary strategy to protect the cytosol against sodium toxicity was apoplastic but not vacuolar salt accumulation. The ability to cope with salinity also included maintenance of cytosolic potassium concentrations and development of leaf succulence due to an increase in cell number and cell volume leading to sodium dilution. Decreases in apoplastic and vacuolar Ca²⁺ combined with suppression of calcineurin B-like protein transcripts suggest that Na⁺ adaptation required suppression of calcium-related signaling pathways. Significant increases in galactinol synthase and alternative oxidase after salt shock and salt adaptation point to shifts in carbohydrate metabolism and suppression of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria under salt stress.

The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantphysiol.org) is: Andrea Polle (apolle{at}gwdg.de).

^[W] The online version of this article contains Web-only data.

Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.105.069971.

^* Corresponding author; e-mail apolle{at}gwdg.de; fax 49–551–392705.

Received August 26, 2005; returned for revision August 26, 2005; accepted September 21, 2005.

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