First published online November 18, 2005; 10.1104/pp.105.066274
Plant Physiology 139:1902-1913 (2005)
© 2005 American Society of Plant Biologists
PLANTS INTERACTING WITH OTHER ORGANISMS
Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activities of Plant Oxylipins Supports Their Involvement in Defense against Pathogens1,[W]
Isabelle Prost2,
Sandrine Dhondt2,
Grit Rothe,
Jorge Vicente,
Maria José Rodriguez,
Neil Kift,
Francis Carbonne,
Gareth Griffiths,
Marie-Thérèse Esquerré-Tugayé,
Sabine Rosahl,
Carmen Castresana,
Mats Hamberg and
Joëlle Fournier*
Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Paul Sabatier, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (I.P., S.D., F.C., M.-T.E.-T., J.F.); Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D–06120 Halle/Saale, Germany (G.R., S.R.); Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain (J.V., M.J.R., C.C.); National Farmers Union of England and Wales, London WC2H 8HL, United Kingdom (N.K.); Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Aston, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom (G.G.); and Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden (M.H.)
Plant oxylipins are a large family of metabolites derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids. The characterization of mutants or transgenic plants affected in the biosynthesis or perception of oxylipins has recently emphasized the role of the so-called oxylipin pathway in plant defense against pests and pathogens. In this context, presumed functions of oxylipins include direct antimicrobial effect, stimulation of plant defense gene expression, and regulation of plant cell death. However, the precise contribution of individual oxylipins to plant defense remains essentially unknown. To get a better insight into the biological activities of oxylipins, in vitro growth inhibition assays were used to investigate the direct antimicrobial activities of 43 natural oxylipins against a set of 13 plant pathogenic microorganisms including bacteria, oomycetes, and fungi. This study showed unequivocally that most oxylipins are able to impair growth of some plant microbial pathogens, with only two out of 43 oxylipins being completely inactive against all the tested organisms, and 26 oxylipins showing inhibitory activity toward at least three different microbes. Six oxylipins strongly inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination of eukaryotic microbes, including compounds that had not previously been ascribed an antimicrobial activity, such as 13-keto-9(Z),11(E),15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid and 12-oxo-10,15(Z)-phytodienoic acid. Interestingly, this first large-scale comparative assessment of the antimicrobial effects of oxylipins reveals that regulators of plant defense responses are also the most active oxylipins against eukaryotic microorganisms, suggesting that such oxylipins might contribute to plant defense through their effects both on the plant and on pathogens, possibly through related mechanisms.
1 This work was supported by the European Union project Natural Oxylipins and Defence in Ornamentals (QLK5–CT–2001–02445) and by the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences, and Spatial Planning (project no. 2001–2553).
2 These authors contributed equally to the paper.
The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantphysiol.org) is: Joëlle Fournier (fournier{at}scsv.ups-tlse.fr).
[W] The online version of this article contains Web-only data.
Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.105.066274.
* Corresponding author; e-mail fournier{at}scsv.ups-tlse.fr; fax 33–562–193–502.
Received May 27, 2005;
returned for revision September 26, 2005;
accepted October 4, 2005.
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