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First published online December 23, 2005; 10.1104/pp.105.072348

Plant Physiology 140:249-262 (2006)
© 2006 American Society of Plant Biologists

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PLANTS INTERACTING WITH OTHER ORGANISMS

The Outcomes of Concentration-Specific Interactions between Salicylate and Jasmonate Signaling Include Synergy, Antagonism, and Oxidative Stress Leading to Cell Death

Luis A.J. Mur*, Paul Kenton, Rainer Atzorn, Otto Miersch and Claus Wasternack

Institute of Biological Science, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom (L.A.J.M., P.K.); and Leibniz-Institut of Plant Biochemistry, D–06018 Halle/Saale, Germany (R.A., O.M., C.W.)

Salicylic acid (SA) has been proposed to antagonize jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and signaling. We report, however, that in salicylate hydroxylase-expressing tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants, where SA levels were reduced, JA levels were not elevated during a hypersensitive response elicited by Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola. The effects of cotreatment with various concentrations of SA and JA were assessed in tobacco and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). These suggested that there was a transient synergistic enhancement in the expression of genes associated with either JA (PDF1.2 [defensin] and Thi1.2 [thionin]) or SA (PR1 [PR1a-{beta}-glucuronidase in tobacco]) signaling when both signals were applied at low (typically 10–100 µM) concentrations. Antagonism was observed at more prolonged treatment times or at higher concentrations. Similar results were also observed when adding the JA precursor, {alpha}-linolenic acid with SA. Synergic effects on gene expression and plant stress were NPR1- and COI1-dependent, SA- and JA-signaling components, respectively. Electrolyte leakage and Evans blue staining indicated that application of higher concentrations of SA + JA induced plant stress or death and elicited the generation of apoplastic reactive oxygen species. This was indicated by enhancement of hydrogen peroxide-responsive AoPR10-{beta}-glucuronidase expression, suppression of plant stress/death using catalase, and direct hydrogen peroxide measurements. Our data suggests that the outcomes of JA-SA interactions could be tailored to pathogen/pest attack by the relative concentration of each hormone.

The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantphysiol.org) is: Luis A.J. Mur (lum{at}aber.ac.uk).

Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.105.072348.

* Corresponding author; e-mail lum{at}aber.ac.uk; fax 44–01970–622981.

Received October 4, 2005; returned for revision November 18, 2005; accepted November 21, 2005.




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