First published online February 24, 2006; 10.1104/pp.105.073486
Plant Physiology 140:1397-1405 (2006)
© 2006 American Society of Plant Biologists
DEVELOPMENT AND HORMONE ACTION
HvVRN2 Responds to Daylength, whereas HvVRN1 Is Regulated by Vernalization and Developmental Status1
Ben Trevaskis2,
Megan N. Hemming2,
W. James Peacock and
Elizabeth S. Dennis*
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Division of Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
Two genetic loci control the vernalization response in winter cereals; VRN1, which encodes an AP1-like MADS-box transcription factor, and VRN2, which has been mapped to a chromosome region containing ZCCT zinc finger transcription factor genes. We examined whether daylength regulates expression of HvVRN1 and HvVRN2. In a vernalization-responsive winter barley (Hordeum vulgare), expression of HvVRN1 is regulated by vernalization and by development, but not by daylength. Daylength affected HvVRN1 expression in only one of six vernalization-insensitive spring barleys examined and so cannot be a general feature of regulation of this gene. In contrast, daylength is the major determinant of expression levels of two ZCCT genes found at the barley VRN2 locus, HvZCCTa and HvZCCTb. In winter barley, high levels of HvZCCTa and HvZCCTb expression were detected only when plants were grown in long days. During vernalization in long-day conditions, HvVRN1 is induced and expression of HvZCCTb is repressed. During vernalization under short days, induction of HvVRN1 occurs without changes in HvZCCTa and HvZCCTb expression. Analysis of HvZCCTa and HvZCCTb expression levels in a doubled haploid population segregating for different vernalization and daylength requirements showed that HvVRN1 genotype determines HvZCCTa and HvZCCTb expression levels. We conclude that the vernalization response is mediated through HvVRN1, whereas HvZCCTa and HvZCCTb respond to daylength cues to repress flowering under long days in nonvernalized plants.
1 This work was supported by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (postdoctoral fellowships to B.T. and M.H.).
2 These authors contributed equally to the paper.
The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantphysiol.org) is: Elizabeth S. Dennis (liz.dennis{at}csiro.au).
Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.105.073486.
* Corresponding author; e-mail liz.dennis{at}csiro.au; fax 61–2–6246–5000.
Received October 27, 2005;
returned for revision February 9, 2006;
accepted February 9, 2006.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
A. Greenup, W. J. Peacock, E. S. Dennis, and B. Trevaskis
The molecular biology of seasonal flowering-responses in Arabidopsis and the cereals
Ann. Bot.,
June 1, 2009;
103(8):
1165 - 1172.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Barrero, M. J. Talbot, R. G. White, J. V. Jacobsen, and F. Gubler
Anatomical and Transcriptomic Studies of the Coleorhiza Reveal the Importance of This Tissue in Regulating Dormancy in Barley
Plant Physiology,
June 1, 2009;
150(2):
1006 - 1021.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. N. Oliver, E. J. Finnegan, E. S. Dennis, W. J. Peacock, and B. Trevaskis
Vernalization-induced flowering in cereals is associated with changes in histone methylation at the VERNALIZATION1 gene
PNAS,
May 19, 2009;
106(20):
8386 - 8391.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Pidal, L. Yan, D. Fu, F. Zhang, G. Tranquilli, and J. Dubcovsky
The CArG-Box Located Upstream from the Transcriptional Start of Wheat Vernalization Gene VRN1 Is Not Necessary for the Vernalization Response
J. Hered.,
May 1, 2009;
100(3):
355 - 364.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Sasani, M. N. Hemming, S. N. Oliver, A. Greenup, R. Tavakkol-Afshari, S. Mahfoozi, K. Poustini, H.-R. Sharifi, E. S. Dennis, W. J. Peacock, et al.
The influence of vernalization and daylength on expression of flowering-time genes in the shoot apex and leaves of barley (Hordeum vulgare).
J. Exp. Bot.,
May 1, 2009;
60(7):
2169 - 2178.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Cockram, C. Norris, and D. M. O'Sullivan
PCR-Based Markers Diagnostic for Spring and Winter Seasonal Growth Habit in Barley
Crop Sci.,
March 17, 2009;
49(2):
403 - 410.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Distelfeld, G. Tranquilli, C. Li, L. Yan, and J. Dubcovsky
Genetic and Molecular Characterization of the VRN2 Loci in Tetraploid Wheat
Plant Physiology,
January 1, 2009;
149(1):
245 - 257.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Wilkie, M. Sedgley, and T. Olesen
Regulation of floral initiation in horticultural trees
J. Exp. Bot.,
September 1, 2008;
59(12):
3215 - 3228.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. N. Danilevskaya, X. Meng, D. A. Selinger, S. Deschamps, P. Hermon, G. Vansant, R. Gupta, E. V. Ananiev, and M. G. Muszynski
Involvement of the MADS-Box Gene ZMM4 in Floral Induction and Inflorescence Development in Maize
Plant Physiology,
August 1, 2008;
147(4):
2054 - 2069.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Karsai, P. Szucs, B. Koszegi, P.M. Hayes, A. Casas, Z. Bedo, and O. Veisz
Effects of photo and thermo cycles on flowering time in barley: a genetical phenomics approach
J. Exp. Bot.,
July 1, 2008;
59(10):
2707 - 2715.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Gubler, T. Hughes, P. Waterhouse, and J. Jacobsen
Regulation of Dormancy in Barley by Blue Light and After-Ripening: Effects on Abscisic Acid and Gibberellin Metabolism
Plant Physiology,
June 1, 2008;
147(2):
886 - 896.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. N. Hemming, W. J. Peacock, E. S. Dennis, and B. Trevaskis
Low-Temperature and Daylength Cues Are Integrated to Regulate FLOWERING LOCUS T in Barley
Plant Physiology,
May 1, 2008;
147(1):
355 - 366.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Alexandre and L. Hennig
FLC or not FLC: the other side of vernalization
J. Exp. Bot.,
April 4, 2008;
(2008)
ern070v1.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Preston and E. A. Kellogg
Discrete Developmental Roles for Temperate Cereal Grass VERNALIZATION1/FRUITFULL-Like Genes in Flowering Competency and the Transition to Flowering
Plant Physiology,
January 1, 2008;
146(1):
265 - 276.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Pourkheirandish and T. Komatsuda
The Importance of Barley Genetics and Domestication in a Global Perspective
Ann. Bot.,
October 1, 2007;
100(5):
999 - 1008.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Flowering Newsletter bibliography for 2006
J. Exp. Bot.,
April 20, 2007;
(2007)
erm028v2.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Cockram, H. Jones, F. J. Leigh, D. O'Sullivan, W. Powell, D. A. Laurie, and A. J. Greenland
Control of flowering time in temperate cereals: genes, domestication, and sustainable productivity
J. Exp. Bot.,
April 9, 2007;
(2007)
erm042v1.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Trevaskis, M. Tadege, M. N. Hemming, W. J. Peacock, E. S. Dennis, and C. Sheldon
Short Vegetative Phase-Like MADS-Box Genes Inhibit Floral Meristem Identity in Barley
Plant Physiology,
January 1, 2007;
143(1):
225 - 235.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Yan, D. Fu, C. Li, A. Blechl, G. Tranquilli, M. Bonafede, A. Sanchez, M. Valarik, S. Yasuda, and J. Dubcovsky
From the Cover: The wheat and barley vernalization gene VRN3 is an orthologue of FT
PNAS,
December 19, 2006;
103(51):
19581 - 19586.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
