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First published online April 21, 2006; 10.1104/pp.106.076976

Plant Physiology 141:758-765 (2006)
© 2006 American Society of Plant Biologists

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ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS AND ADAPTATION TO STRESS

Glycinebetaine Counteracts the Inhibitory Effects of Salt Stress on the Degradation and Synthesis of D1 Protein during Photoinhibition in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942

Norikazu Ohnishi1 and Norio Murata*

National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444–8585, Japan

Glycinebetaine (hereafter referred to as betaine) is a compatible solute that accumulates in certain plants and microorganisms in response to various types of stress. We demonstrated previously that when the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 (hereafter Synechococcus) is transformed with the codA gene for choline oxidase, it can synthesize betaine from exogenously supplied choline, exhibiting enhanced tolerance to salt and cold stress. In this study, we examined the effects of salt stress and betaine synthesis on the photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII). Salt stress due to 220 mM NaCl enhanced photoinhibition of PSII and betaine protected PSII against photoinhibition under these conditions. However, neither salt stress nor betaine synthesis affected photodamage to PSII. By contrast, salt stress inhibited repair of photodamaged PSII and betaine reversed this inhibitory effect of salt stress. Pulse-chase-labeling experiments revealed that salt stress inhibited degradation of D1 protein in photodamaged PSII and de novo synthesis of D1. By contrast, betaine protected the machinery required for degradation and synthesis of D1 under salt stress. Neither salt stress nor betaine affected levels of psbA transcripts. These observations suggest that betaine counteracts the inhibitory effects of salt stress, with resultant accelerated repair of photodamaged PSII.

1 Present address: Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan.

The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantphysiol.org) is: Norio Murata (murata{at}nibb.ac.jp).

Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.106.076976.

* Corresponding author; e-mail murata{at}nibb.ac.jp; fax 81–557–85–5205.

Received January 19, 2006; returned for revision April 15, 2006; accepted April 17, 2006.




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