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First published online October 13, 2006; 10.1104/pp.106.084400 Plant Physiology 142:1759-1770 (2006) © 2006 American Society of Plant Biologists OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy-Based Metabolite Profiling of Transgenic Tomato Fruit Engineered to Accumulate Spermidine and Spermine Reveals Enhanced Anabolic and Nitrogen-Carbon Interactions1,[W],[OA]Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705–2350 (A.K.M., A.N., R.K.G.); Institute of Chemical Methodologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00016 Monterotondo Stazione, Rome, Italy (A.P.S., A.L.S.); and Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 (A.K.H.)
Polyamines are ubiquitous aliphatic amines that have been implicated in myriad processes, but their precise biochemical roles are not fully understood. We have carried out metabolite profiling analyses of transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit engineered to accumulate the higher polyamines spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) to bring an insight into the metabolic processes that Spd/Spm regulate in plants. NMR spectroscopic analysis revealed distinct metabolite trends in the transgenic and wild-type/azygous fruits ripened off the vine. Distinct metabolites (glutamine, asparagine, choline, citrate, fumarate, malate, and an unidentified compound A) accumulated in the red transgenic fruit, while the levels of valine, aspartic acid, sucrose, and glucose were significantly lower as compared to the control (wild-type and azygous) red fruit. The levels of isoleucine, glucose,
1 This work was supported in part by Israel-U.S. Binational Agricultural Research Development (grant no. IS–3441–03 to A.K.M. and A.K.H.), by Società Italiana di Spettrochimica e Spettrofisica (to A.P.S. and A.L.S.), and by the Government of India (a Department of Biotechnology fellowship to R.K.G.). 2 These authors contributed equally to the paper. 3 Present address: University of Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3P6. The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantphysiol.org) is: Autar K. Mattoo (mattooa{at}ba.ars.usda.gov). [W] The online version of this article contains Web-only data. [OA] Open Access articles can be viewed online without a subscription. www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.106.084400 * Corresponding author; e-mail mattooa{at}ba.ars.usda.gov; fax 301–504–6491. Received May 31, 2006; accepted October 6, 2006; published October 13, 2006. This article has been cited by other articles:
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-aminobutyrate, phenylalanine, and fructose remained similar in the nontransgenic and transgenic fruits. Statistical treatment of the metabolite variables distinguished the control fruits from the transgenic fruit and provided credence to the pronounced, differential metabolite profiles seen during ripening of the transgenic fruits. The pathways involved in the nitrogen sensing/signaling and carbon metabolism seem preferentially activated in the high Spd/Spm transgenics. The metabolite profiling analysis suggests that Spd and Spm are perceived as nitrogenous metabolites by the fruit cells, which in turn results in the stimulation of carbon sequestration. This is seen manifested in higher respiratory activity and up-regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase transcripts in the transgenic fruit compared to controls, indicating high metabolic status of the transgenics even late in fruit ripening. 
