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WHOLE PLANT AND ECOPHYSIOLOGY

Gradual Soil Water Depletion Results in Reversible Changes of Gene Expression, Protein Profiles, Ecophysiology, and Growth Performance in Populus euphratica, a Poplar Growing in Arid Regions^1,[W],[OA]

Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Nancy, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1137 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Université Henri Poincaré Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 110 Génomique, Ecophysiologie et Ecologie Fonctionnelle, F–54280 Champenoux, France (M.-B.B.-T., D.L.T., E.D.); Plant Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FIN–00014 Helsinki, Finland (M.B., J.K.); Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, Cellule de Recherche en Environnement et Biotechnologies, L–4422 Belvaux, Grand-Duché de Luxembourg (J.R., L.J., J.-F.H.); Institut für Forstbotanik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany (P.F., T.T., A.P.); Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant, Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, Rehovot 76100, Israel (B.V., A.A.); and Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biology (E.W., K.L.), and Center for Proteome Analysis and Mass Spectrometry (E.W., K.L.), University of Antwerp, B–2020 Antwerp, Belgium

The responses of Populus euphratica Oliv. plants to soil water deficit were assessed by analyzing gene expression, protein profiles, and several plant performance criteria to understand the acclimation of plants to soil water deficit. Young, vegetatively propagated plants originating from an arid, saline field site were submitted to a gradually increasing water deficit for 4 weeks in a greenhouse and were allowed to recover for 10 d after full reirrigation. Time-dependent changes and intensity of the perturbations induced in shoot and root growth, xylem anatomy, gas exchange, and water status were recorded. The expression profiles of approximately 6,340 genes and of proteins and metabolites (pigments, soluble carbohydrates, and oxidative compounds) were also recorded in mature leaves and in roots (gene expression only) at four stress levels and after recovery. Drought successively induced shoot growth cessation, stomatal closure, moderate increases in oxidative stress-related compounds, loss of CO₂ assimilation, and root growth reduction. These effects were almost fully reversible, indicating that acclimation was dominant over injury. The physiological responses were paralleled by fully reversible transcriptional changes, including only 1.5% of the genes on the array. Protein profiles displayed greater changes than transcript levels. Among the identified proteins for which expressed sequence tags were present on the array, no correlation was found between transcript and protein abundance. Acclimation to water deficit involves the regulation of different networks of genes in roots and shoots. Such diverse requirements for protecting and maintaining the function of different plant organs may render plant engineering or breeding toward improved drought tolerance more complex than previously anticipated.

² These authors contributed equally to the paper.

The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantphysiol.org) is: Marie-Béatrice Bogeat-Triboulot (triboulo{at}nancy.inra.fr).

^[W] The online version of this article contains Web-only data.

^[OA] Open Access articles can be viewed online without a subscription.

www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.106.088708

^* Corresponding author; e-mail triboulo{at}nancy.inra.fr; fax 33–383–39–40–69.

Received September 9, 2006; accepted November 21, 2006; published December 8, 2006.

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