OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE

This Article Free via Open Access: OA OA Full Text Full Text (PDF) Supplemental Data OA All Versions of this Article: 144/2/1132    most recent pp.107.098897v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via CrossRef Citing Articles via Web of Science (20) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Miklis, M. Articles by Panstruga, R. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Miklis, M. Articles by Panstruga, R. Agricola Articles by Miklis, M. Articles by Panstruga, R.

PLANTS INTERACTING WITH OTHER ORGANISMS

Barley MLO Modulates Actin-Dependent and Actin-Independent Antifungal Defense Pathways at the Cell Periphery^1,[W],[OA]

Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D–50829 Cologne, Germany

Cell polarization is a crucial process during plant development, as well as in plant-microbe interactions, and is frequently associated with extensive cytoskeletal rearrangements. In interactions of plants with inappropriate fungal pathogens (so-called non-host interactions), the actin cytoskeleton is thought to contribute to the establishment of effective barriers at the cell periphery against fungal ingress. Here, we impeded actin cytoskeleton function in various types of disease resistance using pharmacological inhibitors and genetic interference via ectopic expression of an actin-depolymerizing factor-encoding gene, ADF. We demonstrate that barley (Hordeum vulgare) epidermal cells require actin cytoskeleton function for basal defense to the appropriate powdery mildew pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei and for mlo-mediated resistance at the cell wall, but not for several tested race-specific immune responses. Analysis of non-host resistance to two tested inappropriate powdery mildews, Erysiphe pisi and B. graminis f. sp. tritici, revealed the existence of actin-dependent and actin-independent resistance pathways acting at the cell periphery. These pathways act synergistically and appear to be under negative control by the plasma membrane-resident MLO protein.

² Present address: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Cadarache, 13 108, St. Paul Lez Durance, France.

³ Present address: Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.

The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantphysiol.org) is: Ralph Panstruga (panstrug{at}mpiz-koeln.mpg.de).

^[W] The online version of this article contains Web-only data.

^[OA] Open Access articles can be viewed online without a subscription.

www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.107.098897

^* Corresponding author; e-mail panstrug{at}mpiz-koeln.mpg.de; fax 49–221–5062–353.

Received March 15, 2007; accepted April 14, 2007; published April 20, 2007.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				W. Wang, Y. Wen, R. Berkey, and S. Xiao Specific Targeting of the Arabidopsis Resistance Protein RPW8.2 to the Interfacial Membrane Encasing the Fungal Haustorium Renders Broad-Spectrum Resistance to Powdery Mildew PLANT CELL, September 1, 2009; 21(9): 2898 - 2913. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Clement, T. Ketelaar, N. Rodiuc, M. Y. Banora, A. Smertenko, G. Engler, P. Abad, P. J. Hussey, and J. de Almeida Engler Actin-Depolymerizing Factor2-Mediated Actin Dynamics Are Essential for Root-Knot Nematode Infection of Arabidopsis PLANT CELL, September 1, 2009; 21(9): 2963 - 2979. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Kleinhofs, R. Brueggeman, J. Nirmala, L. Zhang, A. Mirlohi, A. Druka, N. Rostoks, and B. J. Steffenson Barley Stem Rust Resistance Genes: Structure and Function The Plant Genome, July 1, 2009; 2(2): 109 - 120. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Tian, F. Chaudhry, D. R. Ruzicka, R. B. Meagher, C. J. Staiger, and B. Day Arabidopsis Actin-Depolymerizing Factor AtADF4 Mediates Defense Signal Transduction Triggered by the Pseudomonas syringae Effector AvrPphB Plant Physiology, June 1, 2009; 150(2): 815 - 824. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. H. Bhuiyan, G. Selvaraj, Y. Wei, and J. King Gene expression profiling and silencing reveal that monolignol biosynthesis plays a critical role in penetration defence in wheat against powdery mildew invasion J. Exp. Bot., February 1, 2009; 60(2): 509 - 521. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. Underwood and S. C. Somerville Focal accumulation of defences at sites of fungal pathogen attack J. Exp. Bot., October 1, 2008; 59(13): 3501 - 3508. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Kwon, P. Bednarek, and P. Schulze-Lefert Secretory Pathways in Plant Immune Responses Plant Physiology, August 1, 2008; 147(4): 1575 - 1583. [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Winterhagen, S. F. Howard, W. Qiu, and L. G. Kovacs Transcriptional Up-Regulation of Grapevine MLO Genes in Response to Powdery Mildew Infection Am. J. Enol. Vitic., June 1, 2008; 59(2): 159 - 168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]