OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE

This Article Free via Open Access: OA OA Full Text Full Text (PDF) Supplemental Data OA All Versions of this Article: 145/2/478    most recent pp.107.101824v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Related articles in Plant Physiol. Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via CrossRef Citing Articles via Web of Science (11) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Buer, C. S. Articles by Djordjevic, M. A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Buer, C. S. Articles by Djordjevic, M. A. Agricola Articles by Buer, C. S. Articles by Djordjevic, M. A.

WHOLE PLANT AND ECOPHYSIOLOGY

Flavonoids Are Differentially Taken Up and Transported Long Distances in Arabidopsis^1,[W],[OA]

Genomic Interactions Group, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia (C.S.B., M.A.D.); and Biology Department, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109 (G.K.M.)

Flavonoids are synthesized in response to developmental and environmental signals and perform many functions in plants. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) roots grown in complete darkness do not accumulate flavonoids since the expression of genes encoding enzymes of flavonoid biosynthesis is light dependent. Yet, flavonoids accumulate in root tips of plants with light-grown shoots and light-shielded roots, consistent with shoot-to-root flavonoid movement. Using fluorescence microscopy, a selective flavonoid stain, and localized aglycone application to transparent testa mutants, we showed that flavonoids accumulated in tissues distal to the application site, indicating uptake and movement systems. This was confirmed by time-course fluorescence experiments and high-performance liquid chromatography. Flavonoid applications to root tips resulted in basipetal movement in epidermal layers, with subsequent fluorescence detected 1 cm from application sites after 1 h. Flavonoid application to midroot or cotyledons showed movement of flavonoids toward the root tip mainly in vascular tissue. Naringenin, dihydrokaempferol, and dihydroquercetin were taken up at the root tip, midroot, or cotyledons and traveled long distances via cell-to-cell movement to distal tissues, followed by conversion to quercetin and kaempferol. In contrast, kaempferol and quercetin were only taken up at the root tip. Using ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter and H⁺-ATPase inhibitors suggested that a multidrug resistance-associated protein ABCC transporter facilitated flavonoid movement away from the application site.

The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantphysiol.org) is: Charles S. Buer (charles.buer{at}anu.edu.au).

^[W] The online version of this article contains Web-only data.

^[OA] Open Access articles can be viewed online without a subscription.

www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.107.101824

^* Corresponding author; e-mail charles.buer{at}anu.edu.au.

Received June 18, 2007; accepted August 10, 2007; published August 24, 2007.

Related articles in Plant Physiol.:

On the Inside

Peter V. Minorsky
Plant Physiol. 2007 145: 291-292. [Full Text]  

This article has been cited by other articles:

				S. Czemmel, R. Stracke, B. Weisshaar, N. Cordon, N. N. Harris, A. R. Walker, S. P. Robinson, and J. Bogs The Grapevine R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor VvMYBF1 Regulates Flavonol Synthesis in Developing Grape Berries Plant Physiology, November 1, 2009; 151(3): 1513 - 1530. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. S. Buer and M. A. Djordjevic Architectural phenotypes in the transparent testa mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana J. Exp. Bot., March 1, 2009; 60(3): 751 - 763. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Santelia, S. Henrichs, V. Vincenzetti, M. Sauer, L. Bigler, M. Klein, A. Bailly, Y. Lee, J. Friml, M. Geisler, et al. Flavonoids Redirect PIN-mediated Polar Auxin Fluxes during Root Gravitropic Responses J. Biol. Chem., November 7, 2008; 283(45): 31218 - 31226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Ringli, L. Bigler, B. M. Kuhn, R.-M. Leiber, A. Diet, D. Santelia, B. Frey, S. Pollmann, and M. Klein The Modified Flavonol Glycosylation Profile in the Arabidopsis rol1 Mutants Results in Alterations in Plant Growth and Cell Shape Formation PLANT CELL, June 1, 2008; 20(6): 1470 - 1481. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]