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The Nematode Resistance Allele at the rhg1 Locus Alters the Proteome and Primary Metabolism of Soybean Roots^{1,[C],[W],[OA]}

Department of Molecular Biology, Microbiology, and Biochemistry (A.J.A., A.N., H.A.E.S., R.M., D.A.L.), Genomics Core Facility and Center for Excellence in Soybean Research, Teaching, and Outreach, Department of Plant Soil and Agricultural Systems (A.J.A., N.S., H.A.E.S., D.A.L.), and Department of Plant Biology (M.G., D.A.L.), Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901; Institute for Advanced Learning and Research, Institute for Sustainable and Renewable Resources, Danville, Virginia 24540 (M.J.I.); and Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam 14476, Germany (R.M., L.W.)

Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), causes the most damaging chronic disease of soybean (Glycine max). Host resistance requires the resistance allele at rhg1. Resistance destroys the giant cells created in the plant's roots by the nematodes about 24 to 48 h after commencement of feeding. In addition, 4 to 8 d later, a systemic acquired resistance develops that discourages later infestations. The molecular mechanisms that control the rhg1-mediated resistance response appear to be multigenic and complex, as judged by transcript abundance changes, even in near isogenic lines (NILs). This study aimed to focus on key posttranscriptional changes by identifying proteins and metabolites that were increased in abundance in both resistant and susceptible NILs. Comparisons were made among NILs 10 d after SCN infestation and without SCN infestation. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis resolved more than 1,000 protein spots on each gel. Only 30 protein spots with a significant (P < 0.05) difference in abundance of 1.5-fold or more were found among the four treatments. The proteins in these spots were picked, trypsin digested, and analyzed using quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Protein identifications could be made for 24 of the 30 spots. Four spots contained two proteins, so that 28 distinct proteins were identified. The proteins were grouped into six functional categories. Metabolite analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified 131 metabolites, among which 58 were altered by one or more treatment; 28 were involved in primary metabolism. Taken together, the data showed that 17 pathways were altered by the rhg1 alleles. Pathways altered were associated with systemic acquired resistance-like responses, including xenobiotic, phytoalexin, ascorbate, and inositol metabolism, as well as primary metabolisms like amino acid synthesis and glycolysis. The pathways impacted by the rhg1 allelic state and SCN infestation agreed with transcript abundance analyses but identified a smaller set of key proteins. Six of the proteins lay within the same small region of the interactome identifying a key set of 159 interacting proteins involved in transcriptional control, nuclear localization, and protein degradation. Finally, two proteins (glucose-6-phosphate isomerase [EC 5.3.1.9] and isoflavone reductase [EC 1.3.1.45]) and two metabolites (maltose and an unknown) differed in resistant and susceptible NILs without SCN infestation and may form the basis of a new assay for the selection of resistance to SCN in soybean.

² Present address: Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, 2021 Coffey Road, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.

³ Present address: Biotechnology Centre, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur-482004, India.

⁴ Present address: Faculty of Agriculture Research Park and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt.

The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantphysiol.org) is: David A. Lightfoot (ga4082{at}siu.edu).

^[C] Some figures in this article are displayed in color online but in black and white in the print edition.

^[W] The online version of this article contains Web-only data.

^[OA] Open Access articles can be viewed online without a subscription.

www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.109.138149

^* Corresponding author; e-mail ga4082{at}siu.edu.

Received March 5, 2009; accepted May 3, 2009; published May 8, 2009.

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