Plant Physiol. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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Published on July 1, 2009; 10.1104/pp.109.140251

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Received April 21, 2009
Accepted June 23, 2009

Comparative large-scale analysis of interactions between several crop species and the effector repertoires from multiple pathovars of Pseudomonas and Ralstonia

Tadeusz Wroblewski , Katherine S. Caldwell , Urszula Piskurewicz , Keri A. Cavanaugh , Huaqin Xu , Alexander Kozik , Oswaldo Ochoa , Leah K. McHale , Kirsten Lahre , Joanna Jelenska , Jose A. Castillo , Daniel Blumenthal , Boris A. Vinatzer , Jean T. Greenberg , and Richard W. Michelmore *

The Genome Center and Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061

* Corresponding author; email: rwmichelmore{at}ucdavis.edu.

Bacterial plant pathogens manipulate their hosts by injection of numerous effector proteins into host cells via Type III Secretion Systems (TTSS). Recognition of these effectors by the host plant leads to the induction of a defense reaction that often culminates in a hypersensitive response (HR) manifested as cell death. Genes encoding effector proteins can be exchanged between different strains of bacteria via horizontal transfer and often individual strains are capable of infecting multiple hosts. Host plant species express diverse repertoires of resistance proteins that mediate direct or indirect recognition of bacterial effectors. As a result, plants and their bacterial pathogens should be considered two extensive co-evolving groups rather than as individual host species co-evolving with single pathovars. To dissect the complexity of this co-evolution, we cloned 171 effector-encoding genes from several pathovars of Pseudomonas and Ralstonia. We used Agrobacterium-mediated transient assays to test the ability of each effector to induce a necrotic phenotype on 59 plant genotypes belonging to four plant families, including numerous diverse accessions of lettuce and tomato. Known defense-inducing effectors (avirulence factors) and their homologs commonly induced extensive necrosis in many different plant species. Non-host species reacted to multiple effector proteins from an individual pathovar more frequently and more intensely than host species. Both homologous and sequence-unrelated effectors could elicit necrosis in a similar spectrum of plants, suggesting common effector targets or targeting of the same pathways in the plant cell.




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