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Plant Physiol. (1998) 118: 323-328
RAPID COMMUNICATION
Expression of Ornithine Decarboxylase Is Transiently Increased by
Pollination, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, and Gibberellic Acid in
Tomato Ovaries1
David Alabadí and
Juan Carbonell*
Departamento de Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de
Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad
Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas, Camino de Vera 14, 46022-Valencia, Spain
 |
ABSTRACT |
A cDNA encoding for a functional
ornithine decarboxylase has been isolated from a cDNA library of
carpels of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.).
Ornithine decarboxylase in tomato is represented by a single-copy gene
that we show to be up-regulated during early fruit growth induced by
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and gibberellic acid.
| |
INTRODUCTION |
The PAs putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are small molecules,
charged at a physiological pH, that have been implicated in a wide
range of growth and developmental processes, such as floral and fruit
development, as well as senescence and stress responses, although their
exact role in these processes remains unclear (Evans and Malmberg,
1989 ; Walden et al., 1997).
The synthesis of putrescine from Orn, catalyzed by ODC, is the initial
key step in the PA biosynthetic pathway in eukaryotic cells (Heby and
Persson, 1990). Putrescine in plants is also synthesized from Arg via
ADC. ODC has been described as the enzyme controlling PA biosynthesis
in tissues undergoing cell division, whereas ADC has been associated
with tissues that grow by cell expansion, with responses to stress, and
with secondary metabolism (Tiburcio et al., 1990). Despite the fact
that early fruit growth in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum
Mill.) is sustained by cell division, both ODC and ADC activities have
been detected (Egea-Cortines and Mizrahi, 1991). However, ODC appears
to be the main enzyme regulating PA levels during early fruit growth,
as indicated by treatments with
 -DL-difluoromethylornithine, a specific ODC inhibitor (Cohen et al., 1982). Fruit set in tomato can be induced artificially by treatment of unpollinated ovaries with growth regulators (Sawhney, 1984). A transient increase in both ODC and ADC activities was shown
after treatment with GA3 and 2,4-D, the latter
inducing more effective and rapid changes (Alabadí et al.,
1996).
The effect of expression of heterologous ODC genes has previously been
studied in plants. Expression of the yeast ODC gene in tobacco resulted
in altered putrescine biosynthesis and nicotine accumulation (Hamill et
al., 1990), whereas the mouse ODC cDNA caused a high degree of somatic
embryogenesis when introduced into carrot cells (Bastola and Minocha,
1995). Recently, the effect on the metabolism of PAs in these
transgenic carrot cells has been studied in more detail (Andersen et
al., 1998). Genes that encode enzymes of PA biosynthesis in plants have
been cloned (Kumar et al., 1997; Walden et al., 1997). An ODC cDNA
clone from thorn-apple (Michael et al., 1996) and one partial ODC cDNA
clone from tobacco (Malik et al., 1996) have been described. In this
report we describe the isolation of a tomato ODC cDNA clone. The amino
acid sequence derived from the cDNA shows a high degree of identity
with the two ODCs reported in plants and highly conserved motifs
present in all the eukaryotic ODCs described. ODC gene expression
in unpollinated ovaries and in young fruits was induced by pollination,
2,4-D, and GA3. ODC gene expression in other tissues is
also discussed.
| |
MATERIALS AND METHODS |
Plant Material
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv Rutgers)
plants were grown as previously described (Alabadí et al.,
1996). The first five flowers in the first two inflorescences from each
plant were used. In some experiments, self-pollination was allowed in
one of the five flowers (usually the third), and the others were
emasculated. Experiments with plant-growth regulators were carried out
as described in Alabadí et al. (1996). All samples were
collected, weighed, and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and
stored at  70°C until used.
Nucleic Acids Extraction
Genomic DNA was isolated from tomato shoot tips and young leaves
according to the method described by Dellaporta et al. (1983). Total
RNA from shoot tips, leaves, whole flowers, roots, and stems was
isolated as described by Jones et al. (1985). Total RNA from unpollinated ovaries and young fruits was extracted with the RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany).
Poly(A+) RNA was extracted with the QuickPrep
Micro mRNA purification kit (Pharmacia).
RT-PCR
Poly(A+) RNA was isolated from tomato
ovaries harvested at 1 DPA. First-strand cDNA was synthesized from 1 µg of poly(A+) RNA with
oligo(dT)17-adaptor as the primer (Frohman et
al., 1988), using avian myeloblastosis virus RT (Pharmacia) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Reverse transcription was stopped
by heating to 100°C for 5 min, and diluting to 200 µL with TE (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA). Ten
microliters of the first-strand cDNA was used for PCR
amplification. PCR primers were: ODC-5 (5-GGCGTCTCATTCCACATCGG-3) as
the forward primer, and ODC-3 (5-GTGTAAGCACCCATATTAGGAA-3) as the
reverse primer. PCR was carried out in a total volume
of 50 µL, containing 0.2 mM each dNTP (Promega), 1.5 µM each primer, 1× reaction buffer, and 1 unit of
Taq DNA polymerase (Pharmacia). PCR conditions were: 94°C
for 5 min of initial denaturation followed by 35 cycles of 94°C for 1 min, 55°C for 2 min, and 72°C for 2 min. The last cycle was
followed by an additional extension step of 72°C for 7 min. PCR
products were gel purified using the Qiaex II gel extraction kit
(Qiagen) and ligated to pGEM-T vector using pGEM-T Vector System I
(Promega).
cDNA Cloning
Poly(A+) RNA from 1 DPA unpollinated ovaries was
isolated as described above and used to synthesize double-stranded cDNA
using the Zap-cDNA synthesis kit (Stratagene). The cDNAs obtained were size fractionated, and the selected fractions were ligated to the
Uni-ZAP XR vector (Stratagene). Recombinant DNA was packaged in vitro
using Gigapack III packaging extract (Stratagene). The library obtained
was amplified once.
Plaque lifts on replicate filters were prepared on nylon membranes
(Hybond N+, Amersham). The RT-PCR product was used as a
probe. The probe was labeled by random priming with
[-32P]dCTP using the Ready To Go DNA
labeling kit (Pharmacia) and purified by Sephadex G50 Quick Spin
columns (Boehringher-Mannheim). Filters were hybridized essentially
as described by Church and Gilbert (1984), and high-stringency washes
were made according to the method of Sambrook et al. (1989). Filters
were exposed to Hyperfilm MP (Amersham) with an intensifying screen at
70°C. Positively hybridizing phages were plaque purified in one or
two additional rounds. In vivo excision of pBluescript SK() phagemids was carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions
(Stratagene).
DNA Sequencing
RT-PCR products were sequenced using Sequenase, version 2.0 (Amersham), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Primers used
were specific to the vector. Selected clones obtained from the library
screening were sequenced on an automated DNA sequencer (PRISM 377, ABI)
using primers from the vector and clone specific. DNA sequences were
analyzed using the GCG software package (Genetics Computer Group,
Madison, WI).
Southern-Blot Analysis
Approximately 30 µg of genomic DNA was digested with
DraI, EcoRV, AccI, HincII,
or XbaI, electrophoresed through a 0.7% agarose gel,
and transferred to a nylon membrane (Hybond N+),
as recommended by the manufacturer. The determination of the ODC
gene-copy number was performed by loading appropriate amounts of
BamHI-linearized pD12 clone, equivalent to one, two, and
four copies of the gene-per-haploid genome in 30 µg of DNA, along
with 30 µg of genomic DNA digested with DraI. The entire
ODC clone was used as a probe. The membranes were hybridized under
high-stringency conditions as described above, and the genomic blot was
also hybridized at low stringency (55°C). High-stringency washing
conditions were: four times in 1× SSC and 0.1% SDS at room
temperature, and three times in 0.1× SSC and 0.1% SDS at 65°C.
Low-stringency washing conditions were: four times in 1× SSC and 0.1%
SDS at room temperature, and twice in 1× SSC and 0.1% SDS at 65°C.
Northern-Blot Analysis
Total RNA (20 µg) was run in 1% agarose-formaldehyde gels as
described by Sambrook et al. (1989). Gels were transferred to a nylon
membrane (Hybond N+) as recommended by the
manufacturer. The entire ODC clone was used as a probe. Hybridization
and washing conditions were as described above for screening filters
and for the DNA gel blots. rRNA bands, visualized by ethidium bromide
staining, were used as a loading control.
| |
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION |
Cloning of a Tomato ODC cDNA
We have identified a tomato cDNA clone, pD12, that encodes a
functional ODC. We used RT-PCR to clone a tomato partial ODC cDNA. The
pair of oligonucleotides used as primers corresponded to positions 97 to 116 (ODC-5) and 638 to 659 (ODC-3) in the sequence of a partial
ODC cDNA from tobacco (Malik et al., 1996). First-strand cDNA
synthesized using poly(A+) RNA from unpollinated
(1 DPA) tomato ovaries was used as a template. After PCR, a 564-bp
band was obtained. This band was cloned into pGEM-T and confirmed by
sequencing to be very similar to ODC sequences in the databases.
To isolate full-length ODC cDNAs, we constructed a cDNA library with
poly(A+) RNA obtained from unpollinated (1 DPA)
ovaries. Plaque-forming units (120,000) from the amplified library were
screened using the RT-PCR fragment as a probe, and the clone pD12 was
selected for further analysis.
The pD12 cDNA contains an insert of 1524 bp, excluding the
poly(A+) tail. The sequence contains an open reading frame
of 1293 bp encoding a polypeptide of 431 amino acids, with an estimated
molecular mass of 46.6 kD. The first ATG of this open reading frame is
preceded by an in-frame stop codon (TGA) at positions 3 to 1,
indicating that the first ATG is most likely the starting codon.
Moreover, nucleotides at position 1, +1, and +2 around the ATG codon
(TTGAATGGC) match for the consensus sequence surrounding the
starting codons in plants (Joshi et al., 1997). The 5-untranslated
region of the cDNA is 39 bp long and the 3-untranslated region is 191 bp long. In the 3-untranslated region there is an AATAAA-like element (AATAAT) at position 18 from the polyadenylation site.
The alignment of the deduced amino acid sequence with some of the
reported ODCs is shown in Figure 1. The
sequence is 93% and 89.8% identical to that of thorn-apple ODC
(Michael et al., 1996) and tobacco ODC, reflecting a close evolutionary
relationship between them. Lower percentages were observed with human
(Hickok et al., 1987), Drosophila melanogaster (Rom and
Kahana, 1993), and the yeast S. cerevisiae (Fonzi and
Sypherd, 1987) ODCs (42.1%, 42.0%, and 41.2%, respectively). The
functionality of the clone was verified by its ability to complement
the spe1 gene in the yeast strain AB3, which is a null
mutant for the ODC gene (Schwartz et al., 1995) (data not shown).
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| Figure 1.
Alignment of the amino acid sequence derived from
the clone pD12 with the ODCs from thorn-apple (Datura) (X87847),
tobacco (D89984), Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(Scerevisiae) (J02777), D. melanogaster (Drosophila)
(X66599), and human (M16650). The sequences were aligned using the
CLUSTALW program (Thompson et al., 1994). Identical amino acids in at
least four different sequences are outlined in black, and conserved
changes are outlined in gray.
|
|
Gene Analysis
Southern-blot analysis of genomic DNA and copy-number
reconstructions were performed to determine the number of copies of the
ODC genes in the tomato genome (Fig. 2, A
and B). Genomic DNA digested with DraI, EcoRV,
AccI, HincII, and XbaI was hybridized to the entire tomato ODC cDNA (Fig. 2A). The ODC cDNA contains one
recognition site for AccI, HincII, and
XbaI, but none for EcoRV and DraI. The
probe hybridized to two AccI fragments, two HincII fragments, and two XbaI fragments, whereas
only one hybridizing EcoRV fragment and one hybridizing
DraI fragment were detected. When the genomic blot was
washed at low stringency, the same bands were detected (data not
shown). In the reconstruction experiment, amounts of the linearized
clone pD12, corresponding to one, two, and four copies of the ODC gene
per haploid genome, were loaded along with DraI-digested
genomic DNA (Fig. 2B). Comparison of the intensity of the
DraI band with that of the reconstructs, together with the
pattern of hybridizing bands in the genomic blot, suggest the presence
of a single copy of the ODC gene in the tomato genome, as seems to be
the case for the tomato ADC gene (Rastogi et al., 1993). However, the
ODC gene may be represented by more than one copy in thorn-apple
(Michael et al., 1996).
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| Figure 2.
A, Southern-blot analysis of tomato genomic DNA.
Genomic DNA (30 µg) was digested with: lane 1, DraI;
lane 2, EcoRV; lane 3, AccI; lane 4, HincII; and lane 5, XbaI. B, Copy-number
reconstruction experiment. Thirty micrograms of genomic DNA digested
with DraI was loaded in the first lane
(DraI); lanes 2 through 4 correspond to different
amounts of the linearized pD12 plasmid representing one, two, and four
copies per haploid genome in 30 µg of genomic DNA. The blots were
hybridized with the entire ODC clone. Size markers are indicated.
|
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ODC Transcript Levels during Early Fruit Growth and in Different
Organs
The pattern of ODC mRNA steady-state levels was studied in
self-pollinated ovaries by northern analysis (Fig.
3). The tomato ODC cDNA hybridized two
bands, a prominent band of approximately 1.6 kb, as we expected from
the size of the cDNA clone, and a fainter band of smaller size. There
was a transient increase of the ODC mRNA levels, which showed a maximum
at 8 DPA. We also analyzed the changes in the ODC mRNA levels during
early parthenocarpic fruit growth of unpollinated ovaries induced by
2,4-D or GA3 (Fig. 4). Unpollinated ovaries at 1 DPA
showed a relatively high level of ODC mRNA, which gradually decreased
with time. However, treatments with 2,4-D or GA3
induced a transient increase of the ODC mRNA levels with a maximum in
the expression at 5 DPA for 2,4-D-treated ovaries and at 8 DPA for
GA3-treated ovaries.
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| Figure 3.
Northern analysis of ODC gene expression in
naturally pollinated ovaries. Ovaries were collected at 1 (lane U-1),
2 (lane P2), 5 (lane P5), 8 (lane P8), and 12 (lane P12) DPA. Twenty
micrograms of total RNA was loaded per lane.
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| Figure 4.
Analysis of ODC mRNA levels in unpollinated
ovaries treated with 2,4-D or with GA3 or untreated
(control). Treatments were made at 1 DPA. Numbers indicate the age of
the ovaries. Twenty micrograms was loaded per lane.
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Maximum levels of mRNA correlate with peaks in the ODC activity
(Alabadí et al., 1996). The delay observed in pollinated ovaries with respect to 2,4-D-treated ovaries could be explained by the
time needed for fertilization. However, in the case of GA3, it may be due to the higher effectiveness of
auxins compared with GAs as inducers of parthenocarpic development in
tomato (Alabadí et al., 1996). The relatively high levels of
mRNA and enzymatic activity of the ODC in tomato ovaries contrast with
its absence in pea ovaries (Pérez-Amador and Carbonell, 1995).
Therefore, ODC gene expression correlates with the active cell division
during early fruit growth in tomato (Heimer et al., 1979) and with the absence of cell division in pea, where increased ADC gene expression is
correlated with cell expansion (Pérez-Amador et al., 1995). However, further studies using in situ-hybridization experiments are
needed to associate definitively the expression of ODC and ADC genes to
tissues undergoing cell division and cell expansion, respectively.
The expression of the ODC gene in different organs and tissues of the
tomato plant is shown in Figure 5. The
ODC mRNA was detected in all tissues and organs analyzed. The highest
expression was detected in roots, in agreement with findings in
thorn-apple (Michael et al., 1996). As ADC expression in pea roots has
been shown to be very low in comparison with other tissues
(Pérez-Amador et al., 1995), ODC may play a key role in the
synthesis of putrescine in this organ. The high expression also
observed in shoot tips and whole flowers at anthesis may be associated
with active cell division. A lower expression was detected in stems,
and the lowest corresponded to adult leaves, in correlation with a low
rate of growth and, therefore, with very limited cell division. In
general, the pattern of expression of the tomato ODC gene supports the hypothesis that ODC activity is related to active cell division (Heimer
et al., 1979).
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| Figure 5.
Analysis of ODC mRNA accumulation in different
organs and tissues of tomato plants. T, Shoot tips; L, leaves; F, whole
flowers at anthesis; R, roots; and S, stem. Twenty-five micrograms of
total RNA was loaded per lane.
|
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Northern analyses (Figs. 3-5) showed two hybridizing bands in tomato
ODC cDNA, a 1.6-kb band and a smaller-sized band. Because Southern
blots indicated that ODC is represented by a single-copy gene, the
latter band is unlikely to be the product of a second ODC gene. The
parallel pattern of expression of both mRNAs would point to another
origin, such as alternative splicing or specific degradation of the
1.6-kb transcript. A more detailed analysis is needed to give a
definitive explanation.
| |
FOOTNOTES |
1
This work was supported by grant no.
PB95-0029-C02-01 from Dirección General de Investigación
Científica y Técnica, Spain. D.A. was the recipient of a
fellowship from Dirección General de Investigación
Científica y Técnica of Spain.
*
Corresponding author; e-mail jcarbon{at}ibmcp.upv.es; fax
34-96-3877859.
Received March 9, 1998;
accepted May 28, 1998.
The GenBank accession number for the sequence reported in this article
is AF030292.
| |
ABBREVIATIONS |
Abbreviations:
ADC, Arg decarboxylase.
DPA, days post-anthesis.
ODC, Orn decarboxylase.
PA, polyamine.
RT-PCR, reverse
transcriptase-PCR.
| |
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
The authors wish to thank Drs. A. Granell, J. Moreno, P. Carrasco, and M.A. Pérez-Amador for critical reading of the
manuscript, Dr. E. Grau for his help in the sequencing work, J. Gil for
his help with computers, R. Martínez-Pardo and A. Villar for
their help in the greenhouse, A. Argomániz for technical
assistance in the lab, and finally Donnellan-Barraclough for their help
with the English.
| |
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M. Fos, K. Proano, D. Alabadi, F. Nuez, J. Carbonell, and J. L. Garcia-Martinez
Polyamine Metabolism Is Altered in Unpollinated Parthenocarpic pat-2 Tomato Ovaries
Plant Physiology,
January 1, 2003;
131(1):
359 - 366.
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M. A. Perez-Amador, J. Leon, P. J. Green, and J. Carbonell
Induction of the Arginine Decarboxylase ADC2 Gene Provides Evidence for the Involvement of Polyamines in the Wound Response in Arabidopsis
Plant Physiology,
November 1, 2002;
130(3):
1454 - 1463.
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S.-H. Kwak and S. H. Lee
The Transcript-Level-Independent Activation of Ornithine Decarboxylase in Suspension-Cultured BY2 Cells Entering the Cell Cycle
Plant Cell Physiol.,
October 15, 2002;
43(10):
1165 - 1170.
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S.-H. Kwak and S. H. Lee
The Regulation of Ornithine Decarboxylase Gene Expression by Sucrose and Small Upstream Open Reading Frame in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)
Plant Cell Physiol.,
March 1, 2001;
42(3):
314 - 323.
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Abstract
Introduction