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Plant Physiology 149:1-3 (2009) © 2009 American Society of Plant Biologists Splendor in the Grasses
Monitoring Editors
Grasses provide over half of the world's caloric intake and are major components of many terrestrial ecosystems. They are also used in cultivated landscapes, as construction materials, and as biofuel feedstocks. The grasses form a single genetic system (Bennetzen and Freeling, 1993
Most of the articles in this issue characterize one or more genes that appear to be grass-specific. Some of these are novel proteins (e.g. Tie-dyed1, described by Ma et al. [2009]  ), whereas others are novel paralogs, e.g. many of the floral genes described by Thompson and Hake (2009). Paterson et al. (2009) outline mechanisms by which novelty may arise among and between the grass genomes. The studies in this issue thus build on the computational work of Campbell et al. (2007), who identified genes that occurred in grasses and in no other plant genomes. The subtitle by Colasanti and Coneva (2009) is particularly apt in this regard: "something borrowed, something new." Many genes and gene functions are similar to those of the model eudicot Arabidopsis ("borrowed"), but others are restricted to grasses ("new").
Morphological similarities among the cereals are particularly striking. Four articles (Colasanti and Coneva, 2009
The distinctive architecture of the grass plant in part reflects differential regulation of hormones (McSteen, 2009
Much of the biochemical research reported here focuses on polysaccharides of various sorts. Fincher (2009)
Many grasses use the C4 photosynthetic pathway, which has evolved independently multiple times creating a replicated experiment in evolution (Christin et al., 2009
Investigations of plant pathogen interactions have focused profitably on specific types of resistance and interactions with single highly noxious pathogens. However, Manosalva et al. (2009)
The converse of pathogenicity is symbiosis. Chen et al. (2009)
With respect to abiotic stress responses, Nakashima et al. (2009)
It is impossible to consider the biology of the cereals without also considering their economic importance. Sabelli and Larkins (2009)
A second theme in this issue is the power of genomic approaches to provide not only data in the form of genome sequence and transcriptome profiles but also insights into genome biology (Messing 2009 ; Wicker et al., 2009). An astounding 47 Poaceae species have transcriptome or genome sequence datasets available (Buell, 2009). More significantly, since the first grass genome (rice) was sequenced in 2002, three others have been added (maize, sorghum, and Brachypodium distachyon). B. distachyon and foxtail millet (genome sequence anticipated in 2009; Doust et al., 2009) are so-called "sequence-driven" model species, in which a genome sequence will be completed before development of the accompanying genetic and functional genomic resources/technologies, such as germplasm collections, mutants, efficient transformation methods, knockout collections, etc. While technical issues with large repetitive genomes such as barley and wheat have been a "speed bump" in the genomics race, they are not absolute impediments as highlighted by construction of a physical map of the 1-Gb chromosome 3B of hexaploid wheat (Paux et al., 2008) and development of a consortium for sequencing the diploid (5-Gb) barley genome (Schulte et al., 2009).
Other tools developed for the grasses are mutant and germplasm collections, databases, and functional genomic methodologies that are critical to understanding gene function and, ultimately, biological processes. Germplasm collections for the cereals are well established throughout the world (Sachs, 2009
We anticipate that future Poaceae research will be highly comparative in nature, providing a powerful synergistic effect among researchers studying the cereals. Comparison of multiple Poaceae species will provide insights to supplement those obtained from comparison of multiple mutant lines within a single species. Access to genome sequences, functional genomic resources, and diverse germplasm collections from grass species will enable more efficient and facile determination of biological aspects that are unique to a species, apply to all Poaceae, or characterize all angiosperms. With respect to agricultural uses of the Poaceae, not only will the information from each major cereal species be applicable to the other major crops, but such information can also be used to translate information to minor grains with small research communities and emerging crops or wild species with limited resources.
www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.104.900281
Bennetzen JL, Freeling M (1993) Grasses as a single genetic system: genome composition, collinearity and compatibility. Trends Genet 9: 259–261[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] Boehlein SK, Shaw JR, Stewart JD, Hannah LC (2009) Characterization of an autonomously activated plant ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Plant Physiol 149: 318–326 Braun DM, Slewinski TL (2009) Genetic control of carbon partitioning in grasses: roles of Sucrose Transporters and Tie-dyed loci in phloem loading. Plant Physiol 149: 71–81 Buell CR (2009) Poaceae genomes: going from unattainable to becoming a model clade for comparative plant genomics. Plant Physiol 149: 111–116 Campbell MA, Zhu W, Jiang N, Lin H, Ouyang S, Childs KL, Haas BJ, Hamilton JP, Buell CR (2007) Identification and characterization of lineage-specific genes within the Poaceae. Plant Physiol 145: 1311–1322 Chen C, Fan C, Gao M, Zhu H (2009) Antiquity and function of CASTOR and POLLUX, the twin ion channel-encoding genes key to the evolution of root symbioses in plants. Plant Physiol 149: 306–317 Childs KL (2009) Genomic and genetic database resources for the grasses. Plant Physiol 149: 132–136 Christin P-A, Salamin N, Kellogg EA, Vicentini A, Besnard G (2009) Integrating phylogeny into studies of C4 variation in the grasses. Plant Physiol 149: 82–87 Chung T, Suttangkakul A, Vierstra RD (2009) The ATG autophagic conjugation system in maize: ATG transcripts and abundance of the ATG8-lipid adduct are regulated by development and nutrient availability. Plant Physiol 149: 220–234 Colasanti J, Coneva V (2009) Mechanisms of floral induction in grasses: something borrowed, something new. Plant Physiol 149: 56–62 Degenhardt J (2009) Indirect defense responses to herbivory in grasses. Plant Physiol 149: 96–102 Distelfeld A, Tranquilli G, Li C, Yan L, Dubcovsky J (2009) Genetic and molecular characterization of the VRN2 loci in tetraploid wheat. Plant Physiol 149: 245–257 Doust AN, Kellogg EA, Devos KM, Bennetzen JL (2009) Foxtail millet: a sequence-driven grass model system. Plant Physiol 149: 137–141 Edgerton MD (2009) Increasing crop productivity to meet global needs for feed, food, and fuel. Plant Physiol 149: 7–13 Fincher GB (2009) Revolutionary times in our understanding of cell wall biosynthesis and remodeling in the grasses. Plant Physiol 149: 27–37 Kellogg EA, Birchler JA (1993) Linking phylogeny and genetics: Zea mays as a tool for phylogenetic studies. Syst Biol 42: 415–439 Kellogg EA, Shaffer HB (1993) Model organisms in evolutionary studies. Syst Biol 42: 409–414 Krishnan A, Guiderdoni E, An G, Hsing YC, Han C, Lee MC, Yu S-M, Upadhyaya N, Ramachandran S, Zhang Q, et al (2009) Mutant resources in rice for functional genomics of the grasses. Plant Physiol 149: 165–170 Lasseur B, Schroeven L, Lammens W, Le Roy K, Spangenberg G, Manduzio H, Vergauwen R, Lothier J, Prud'homme M-P, Van den Ende W (2009) Transforming a fructan:fructan 6G-fructosyltransferase from perennial ryegrass into a sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase. Plant Physiol 149: 327–339 Ma Y, Slewinski TL, Baker RF, Braun DM (2009) Tie-dyed1 encodes a novel, phloem-expressed transmembrane protein that functions in carbohydrate partitioning. Plant Physiol 149: 181–194 Manosalva PM, Davidson RM, Liu B, Zhu X, Hulbert SH, Leung H, Leach JE (2009) A germin-like protein gene family functions as a complex quantitative trait locus conferring broad-spectrum disease resistance in rice. Plant Physiol 149: 286–296 McSteen P (2009) Hormonal regulation of branching in grasses. Plant Physiol 149: 46–55 Meng Y, Moscou MJ, Wise RP (2009) Blufensin1 negatively impacts basal defense in response to barley powdery mildew. Plant Physiol 149: 271–285 Messing J (2009) Synergy of two reference genomes for the grass family. Plant Physiol 149: 117–124 Nakashima K, Ito Y, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K (2009) Transcriptional regulatory networks in response to abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis and grasses. Plant Physiol 149: 88–95 Paterson AH, Bowers JE, Feltus FA, Tang H, Lin L, Wan X (2009) Comparative genomics of grasses promises a bountiful harvest. Plant Physiol 149: 125–131 Paux E, Sourdille P, Salse J, Saintenac C, Choulet F, Leroy P, Korol A, Michalak M, Kianian S, Spielmeyer W, et al (2008) A physical map of the 1-gigabase bread wheat chromosome 3B. Science 322: 101–104 Ryan PR, Raman H, Gupta S, Horst WJ, Delhaize E (2009) A second mechanism for aluminum resistance in wheat relies on the constitutive efflux of citrate from roots. Plant Physiol 149: 340–351 Sabelli PA, Larkins BA (2009) The development of endosperm in grasses. Plant Physiol 149: 14–26 Sachs MM (2009) Cereal germplasm resources. Plant Physiol 149: 148–151 Sang T (2009) Genes and mutations underlying domestication transitions in grasses. Plant Physiol 149: 63–70 Schulte D, Close TJ, Graner A, Langridge P, Matsumoto T, Muehlbauer G, Sato K, Schulman AH, Waugh R, Wise RP, et al (2009) The International Barley Sequencing Consortium—at the threshold of efficient access to the barley genome. Plant Physiol 149: 142–147 Scofield SR, Nelson RS (2009) Resources for virus-induced gene silencing in the grasses. Plant Physiol 149: 152–157 Thompson BE, Hake S (2009) Translational biology: from Arabidopsis flowers to grass inflorescence architecture. Plant Physiol 149: 38–45 Trail F (2009) For blighted waves of grain: Fusarium graminearum in the postgenomics era. Plant Physiol 149: 103–110 Weil CF (2009) TILLING in grass species. Plant Physiol 149: 158–164 Wicker T, Krattinger SG, Lagudah ES, Komatsuda T, Pourkheirandish M, Matsumoto T, Cloutier S, Reiser L, Kanamori H, Sato K, et al (2009) Analysis of intraspecies diversity in wheat and barley genomes identifies breakpoints of ancient haplotypes and provides insight into the structure of diploid and hexaploid Triticeae gene pools. Plant Physiol 149: 258–270 Wu X, Skirpan A, McSteen P (2009) suppressor of sessile spikelets1 functions in the ramosa pathway controlling meristem determinacy in maize. Plant Physiol 149: 205–219 Yilmaz A, Nishiyama MY Jr, Garcia Fuentes B, Souza GM, Janies D, Gray J, Grotewold E (2009) GRASSIUS: a platform for comparative regulatory genomics across the grasses. Plant Physiol 149: 171–180 Yokosho K, Yamaji N, Ueno D, Mitani N, Ma JF (2009) OsFRDL1 is a citrate transporter required for efficient translocation of iron in rice. Plant Physiol 149: 297–305 Yuan Z, Gao S, Xue D-W, Luo D, Li L-T, Ding S-Y, Yao X, Wilson ZA, Qian Q, Zhang D-B (2009) RETARDED PALEA1 controls palea development and floral zygomorphy in rice. Plant Physiol 149: 235–244 Zelitch I, Schultes NP, Peterson RB, Brown P, Brutnell TP (2009) High glycolate oxidase activity is required for survival of maize in normal air. Plant Physiol 149: 195–204
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