First published online December 22, 2006; 10.1104/pp.106.090662
Plant Physiology 143:849-865 (2007)
© 2007 American Society of Plant Biologists
OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE
PLANTS INTERACTING WITH OTHER ORGANISMS
Arabidopsis Transcriptome Changes in Response to Phloem-Feeding Silverleaf Whitefly Nymphs. Similarities and Distinctions in Responses to Aphids1,[W],[OA]
Louisa A. Kempema,
Xinping Cui,
Frances M. Holzer and
Linda L. Walling*
Department of Botany and Plant Sciences (L.A.K., F.M.H., L.L.W.) and Department of Statistics (X.C.), Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521–0124
Phloem-feeding pests cause extensive crop damage throughout the world, yet little is understood about how plants perceive and defend themselves from these threats. The silverleaf whitefly (SLWF; Bemisia tabaci type B) is a good model for studying phloem-feeding insect-plant interactions, as SLWF nymphs cause little wounding and have a long, continuous interaction with the plant. Using the Affymetrix ATH1 GeneChip to monitor the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transcriptome, 700 transcripts were found to be up-regulated and 556 down-regulated by SLWF nymphs. Closer examination of the regulation of secondary metabolite (glucosinolate) and defense pathway genes after SLWF-instar feeding shows that responses were qualitatively and quantitatively different from chewing insects and aphids. In addition to the RNA profile distinctions, analysis of SLWF performance on wild-type and phytoalexin-deficient4 (pad4) mutants suggests aphid and SLWF interactions with Arabidopsis were distinct. While pad4-1 mutants were more susceptible to aphids, SLWF development on pad4-1 and wild-type plants was similar. Furthermore, although jasmonic acid genes were repressed and salicylic acid-regulated genes were induced after SLWF feeding, cytological staining of SLWF-infested tissue showed that pathogen defenses, such as localized cell death and hydrogen peroxide accumulation, were not observed. Like aphid and fungal pathogens, callose synthase gene RNAs accumulated and callose deposition was observed in SLWF-infested tissue. These results provide a more comprehensive understanding of phloem-feeding insect-plant interactions and distinguish SLWF global responses.
1 This work was supported in part by the California Agricultural Experiment Station, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Southwest Consortium (Grant for Genetics and Water Resources), and the USDA National Research Initiative (Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service award no. 99–35301–8077 to L.L.W.). A Department of Education Graduate Assistance in Areas of National Need fellowship (DE P200A030254 to R. Cardullo, Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside) provided partial support for L.A.K.
The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantphysiol.org) is: Linda L. Walling (linda.walling{at}ucr.edu).
[W] The online version of this article contains Web-only data.
[OA] Open Access articles can be viewed online without a subscription.
www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.106.090662
* Corresponding author; e-mail linda.walling{at}ucr.edu; fax 951–827–4437.
Received October 17, 2006;
accepted December 13, 2006;
published December 22, 2006.
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