Plant Physiology Preview
Published on November 14, 2002; 10.1104/pp.007799
Received April 30, 2002
Returned for revision May 26, 2002
Accepted July 17, 2002
Forms of Zinc Accumulated in the Hyperaccumulator Arabidopsis halleri
Géraldine Sarret *, Pierre Saumitou-Laprade , Valérie Bert , Olivier Proux , Jean-Louis Hazemann , Agnès Traverse , Matthew A. Marcus , and Alain Manceau
Environmental Geochemistry Group, Laboratoire de Géophysique Interne et Tectonophysique, University of Grenoble and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Boite Postale 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France (G.S., A.M.); Laboratoire de Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales, Université de Lille1 and CNRS, Bât SN2, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France (P.S.-L., V.B.); Laboratoire de Cristallographie, CNRS, 25 avenue des Martyrs, Boite Postale 166, 38042 Grenoble cedex 9, France (O.P., J.-L.H.); Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation du Rayonnement Electromagnétique, Bât 209D, Centre Universitaire, Boite Postale 34, 91898 Orsay cedex, France (A.T.); and Advanced Light Source (ALS), Berkeley Lab, MS 6-2100, Berkeley, California 94720 (M.A.M.)
* Corresponding author; email: gsarret{at}ujf-grenoble.fr.
The chemical forms of zinc (Zn) in the Zn-tolerant and hyperaccumulator Arabidopsis halleri and in the non-tolerant and nonaccumulator Arabidopsis lyrata subsp. petraea were determined at the molecular level by combining chemical analyses, extended x-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS), synchrotron-based x-ray microfluorescence, and µEXAFS. Plants were grown in hydroponics with various Zn concentrations, and A. halleri specimens growing naturally in a contaminated site were also collected. Zn speciation in A. halleri was independent of the origin of the plants (contaminated or non-contaminated) and Zn exposure. In aerial parts, Zn was predominantly octahedrally coordinated and complexed to malate. A secondary organic species was identified in the bases of the trichomes, which contained elevated Zn concentrations, and in which Zn was tetrahedrally coordinated and complexed to carboxyl and/or hydroxyl functional groups. This species was detected thanks to the good resolution and sensitivity of synchrotron-based x-ray microfluorescence and µEXAFS. In the roots of A. halleri grown in hydroponics, Zn phosphate was the only species detected, and is believed to result from chemical precipitation on the root surface. In the roots of A. halleri grown on the contaminated soil, Zn was distributed in Zn malate, Zn citrate, and Zn phosphate. Zn phosphate was present in both the roots and aerial part of A. lyrata subsp. petraea. This study illustrates the complementarity of bulk and spatially resolved techniques, allowing the identification of: (a) the predominant chemical forms of the metal, and (b) the minor forms present in particular cells, both types of information being essential for a better understanding of the bioaccumulation processes.
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