Plant Physiology Preview
Published on March 22, 2002; 10.1104/pp.010690
Received August 3, 2001
Returned for revision November 20, 2001
Accepted January 29, 2002
Structure-Function Analysis of Nod Factor-Induced Root Hair
Calcium Spiking in Rhizobium-Legume Symbiosis
Rebecca J. Wais , David H. Keating , and Sharon R. Long *
Department of Biological Sciences, 371 Serra Mall (R.J.W., S.R.L.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.H.K., S.R.L.), Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305--5020
* Corresponding author; email: sharon.long{at}stanford.edu.
In the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis, compatible bacteria and host plants interact through an exchange of signals: Host compounds promote the expression of bacterial biosynthetic nod (nodulation) genes leading to the production of a lipochito-oligosaccharide signal, the Nod factor (NF). The particular array of nod genes carried by a given species of Rhizobium determines the NF structure synthesized and defines the range of legume hosts by which the bacterium is recognized. Purified NF can induce early host responses even in the absence of live Rhizobium One of the earliest known host responses to NF is an oscillatory behavior of cytoplasmic calcium, or calcium spiking, in root hair cells, initially observed in Medicago spp. and subsequently characterized in four other genera (D.W. Ehrhardt, R. Wais, S.R. Long [1996] Cell 85: 673--681; S.A. Walker, V. Viprey, J.A. Downie [2000] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 13413--13418; D.W. Ehrhardt, J.A. Downie, J. Harris, R.J. Wais, and S.R. Long, unpublished data). We sought to determine whether live Rhizobium trigger a rapid calcium spiking response and whether this response is NF dependent. We show that, in the Sinorhizobium meliloti-Medicago truncatula interaction, bacteria elicit a calcium spiking response that is indistinguishable from the response to purified NF. We determine that calcium spiking is a nod gene-dependent host response. Studies of calcium spiking in M. truncatula and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) also uncovered the possibility of differences in early NF signal transduction. We further demonstrate the sufficiency of the nod genes for inducing calcium spiking by using Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) engineered to express 11 S. meliloti nod genes.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
B. J. Sieberer, M. Chabaud, A. C. Timmers, A. Monin, J. Fournier, and D. G. Barker
A Nuclear-Targeted Cameleon Demonstrates Intranuclear Ca2+ Spiking in Medicago truncatula Root Hairs in Response to Rhizobial Nodulation Factors
Plant Physiology,
November 1, 2009;
151(3):
1197 - 1206.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Smit, E. Limpens, R. Geurts, E. Fedorova, E. Dolgikh, C. Gough, and T. Bisseling
Medicago LYK3, an Entry Receptor in Rhizobial Nodulation Factor Signaling
Plant Physiology,
September 1, 2007;
145(1):
183 - 191.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. F. Marsh, A. Rakocevic, R. M. Mitra, L. Brocard, J. Sun, A. Eschstruth, S. R. Long, M. Schultze, P. Ratet, and G. E.D. Oldroyd
Medicago truncatula NIN Is Essential for Rhizobial-Independent Nodule Organogenesis Induced by Autoactive Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase
Plant Physiology,
May 1, 2007;
144(1):
324 - 335.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. E. Townsend II, L. S. Forsberg, and D. H. Keating
Mesorhizobium loti Produces nodPQ-Dependent Sulfated Cell Surface Polysaccharides
J. Bacteriol.,
December 15, 2006;
188(24):
8560 - 8572.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. G. Starker, A. L. Parra-Colmenares, L. Smith, R. M. Mitra, and S. R. Long
Nitrogen Fixation Mutants of Medicago truncatula Fail to Support Plant and Bacterial Symbiotic Gene Expression
Plant Physiology,
February 1, 2006;
140(2):
671 - 680.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Kanamori, L. H. Madsen, S. Radutoiu, M. Frantescu, E. M. H. Quistgaard, H. Miwa, J. A. Downie, E. K. James, H. H. Felle, L. L. Haaning, et al.
From The Cover: A nucleoporin is required for induction of Ca2+ spiking in legume nodule development and essential for rhizobial and fungal symbiosis
PNAS,
January 10, 2006;
103(2):
359 - 364.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Mitra, S. L. Shaw, and S. R. Long
Six nonnodulating plant mutants defective for Nod factor-induced transcriptional changes associated with the legume-rhizobia symbiosis
PNAS,
July 6, 2004;
101(27):
10217 - 10222.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. E. Cronan and D. H. Keating
Sinorhizobium meliloti Sulfotransferase That Modifies Lipopolysaccharide
J. Bacteriol.,
July 1, 2004;
186(13):
4168 - 4176.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Gage
Infection and Invasion of Roots by Symbiotic, Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizobia during Nodulation of Temperate Legumes
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.,
June 1, 2004;
68(2):
280 - 300.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Mitra and S. R. Long
Plant and Bacterial Symbiotic Mutants Define Three Transcriptionally Distinct Stages in the Development of the Medicago truncatula/Sinorhizobium meliloti Symbiosis
Plant Physiology,
February 1, 2004;
134(2):
595 - 604.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
