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Published on January 9, 2003; 10.1104/pp.011601

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Received July 23, 2002
Returned for revision October 7, 2002
Accepted November 3, 2002

Xylem Ray Parenchyma Cells in Boreal HardwoodSpecies Respond to Subfreezing Temperatures byDeep Supercooling That Is Accompanied byIncomplete Desiccation

Katsushi Kuroda , Jun Kasuga , Keita Arakawa , and Seizo Fujikawa *

Graduate School of Agriculture (K.K., J.K., S.F.) and Institute of Low Temperature Science (K.A.), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan

* Corresponding author; email: sfuji{at}for.agr.hokudai.ac.jp.

It has been accepted that xylem ray parenchyma cells (XRPCs) in hardwood species respond to subfreezing temperatures either by deep supercooling or by extracellular freezing. Present study by cryo-scanning electron microscopy examined the freezing responses of XRPCs in five boreal hardwoods: Salix sachalinensis Fr. Schmit, Populus sieboldii Miq., Betula platyphylla Sukat. var japonica Hara, Betula pubescens Ehrh., and red osier dogwood (Cornus sericea), in which XRPCs have been reported to respond by extracellular freezing. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy observations revealed that slow cooling of xylem to -80°C resulted in intracellular freezing in the majority of XRPCs in S. sachalinensis, an indication that these XRPCs had been deep supercooled. In contrast, in the majority of XRPCs in P. sieboldii, B. platyphylla, B. pubescens, and red osier dogwood, slow cooling to -80°C produced slight cytorrhysis without clear evidence of intracellular freezing, suggesting that these XRPCs might respond by extracellular freezing. In these XRPCs exhibited putative extracellular freezing; however, deep etching revealed the apparent formation of intracellular ice crystals in restricted local areas. To confirm the occurrence of intracellular freezing, we rewarmed these XRPCs after cooling and observed very large intracellular ice crystals as a result of the recrystallization. Thus, the XRPCs in all the boreal hardwoods that we examined responded by deep supercooling that was accompanied with incomplete desiccation. From these results, it seems possible that limitations to the deep-supercooling ability of XRPCs might be a limiting factor for adaptation of hardwoods to cold climates.




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