Plant Physiology Preview
Published on January 30, 2003; 10.1104/pp.015677
Received October 7, 2002
Returned for revision November 11, 2002
Accepted December 12, 2002
Dual Genetic Pathways Controlling Nodule Number in Medicago truncatula
R. Varma Penmetsa , Julia A. Frugoli , Lucinda S. Smith , Sharon R. Long , and Douglas R. Cook *
Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 (R.V.P., J.A.F., D.R.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 (L.S.S., S.R.L.)
* Corresponding author; email: drcook{at}ucdavis.edu.
We report the isolation and characterization of a new Medicago truncatula hyper-nodulation mutant, designated sunn (super numeric nodules). Similar to the previously described ethylene-insensitive mutant sickle, sunn exhibits a 10-fold increase in the number of nodules within the primary nodulation zone. Despite this general similarity, these two mutants are readily distinguished based on anatomical, genetic, physiological, and molecular criteria. In contrast to sickle, where insensitivity to ethylene is thought to be causal to the hyper-nodulation phenotype (R.V. Penmetsa, D.R. Cook [1997] Science 275: 527-530), nodulation in sunn is normally sensitive to ethylene. Nevertheless, sunn exhibits seedling root growth that is insensitive to ethylene, although other aspects of the ethylene triple response are normal; these observations suggest that hormonal responses might condition the sunn phenotype in a manner distinct from sickle. The two mutants also differ in the anatomy of the nodulation zone: Successful infection and nodule development in sunn occur predominantly opposite xylem poles, similar to wild type. In sickle, however, both infection and nodulation occur randomly throughout the circumference of the developing root. Genetic analysis indicates that sunn and sickle correspond to separate and unlinked loci, whereas the sunn/skl double mutant exhibits a novel and additive super-nodulation phenotype. Taken together, these results suggest a working hypothesis wherein sunn and sickle define distinct genetic pathways, with skl regulating the number and distribution of successful infection events, and sunn regulating nodule organogenesis.
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