Plant Physiology Preview
Published on February 27, 2003; 10.1104/pp.102.017020
Received November 1, 2002
Returned for revision November 24, 2002
Accepted January 8, 2003
crinkle, a Novel Symbiotic Mutant That Affects the Infection Thread Growth and Alters the Root Hair, Trichome, and Seed Development in Lotus japonicus
Myra L. Tansengco , Makoto Hayashi *, Masayoshi Kawaguchi , Haruko Imaizumi-Anraku , and Yoshikatsu Murooka
Osaka University, Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (M.L.T., M.H., Y.M.); Niigata University, Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Sciences, Ninomachi 8050, Ikarashi, Niigata City, Japan (M.K.); and National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan (H.I.-A.)
* Corresponding author; email: hayashi{at}bio.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp.
To elucidate the mechanisms involved in Rhizobium-legume symbiosis, we examined a novel symbiotic mutant, crinkle (Ljsym79), from the model legume Lotus japonicus. On nitrogen-starved medium, crinkle mutants inoculated with the symbiont bacterium Mesorhizobium loti MAFF 303099 showed severe nitrogen deficiency symptoms. This mutant was characterized by the production of many bumps and small, white, uninfected nodule-like structures. Few nodules were pale-pink and irregularly shaped with nitrogen-fixing bacteroids and expressing leghemoglobin mRNA. Morphological analysis of infected roots showed that nodulation in crinkle mutants is blocked at the stage of the infection process. Confocal microscopy and histological examination of crinkle nodules revealed that infection threads were arrested upon penetrating the epidermal cells. Starch accumulation in uninfected cells and undeveloped vascular bundles were also noted in crinkle nodules. Results suggest that the Crinkle gene controls the infection process that is crucial during the early stage of nodule organogenesis. Aside from the symbiotic phenotypes, crinkle mutants also developed morphological alterations, such as crinkly or wavy trichomes, short seedpods with aborted embryos, and swollen root hairs. crinkle is therefore required for symbiotic nodule development and for other aspects of plant development.
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