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Published on March 20, 2003; 10.1104/pp.102.018069


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Received December 8, 2002
Returned for revision January 3, 2003
Accepted January 13, 2003

Arabidopsis haiku Mutants Reveal New Controls of Seed Size by Endosperm

Damien Garcia , Virginie Saingery , Pierre Chambrier , Ulrike Mayer , Gerd Jürgens , and Frédéric Berger *

European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) YIP team, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Ecole Normal Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Lyon I, 46 Allée d'Italie, F-69364 Lyon cedex 07, France (D.G., V.S., P.C., F.B.); and Entwicklungsgenetik, Zentrum für Molebula biologie der Pflanzen, Center of Plant Molecular Biology, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany (U.M., G.J.)

* Corresponding author; email: frederic.berger{at}ens-lyon.fr.

In flowering plants, maternal seed integument encloses the embryo and the endosperm, which are both derived from double fertilization. Although the development of these three components must be coordinated, we have limited knowledge of mechanisms involved in such coordination. The endosperm may play a central role in these mechanisms as epigenetic modifications of endosperm development, via imbalance of dosage between maternal and paternal genomes, affecting both the embryo and the integument. To identify targets of such epigenetic controls, we designed a genetic screen in Arabidopsis for mutants that phenocopy the effects of dosage imbalance in the endosperm. The two mutants haiku 1 and haiku 2 produce seed of reduced size that resemble seed with maternal excess in the maternal/paternal dosage. Homozygous haiku seed develop into plants indistinguishable from wild type. Each mutation is sporophytic recessive, and double-mutant analysis suggests that both mutations affect the same genetic pathway. The endosperm of haiku mutants shows a premature arrest of increase in size that causes precocious cellularization of the syncytial endosperm. Reduction of seed size in haiku results from coordinated reduction of endosperm size, embryo proliferation, and cell elongation of the maternally derived integument. We present further evidence for a control of integument development mediated by endosperm-derived signals.




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