Plant Physiology Preview Published on July 17, 2003; 10.1104/pp.103.022129
Received February 16, 2003
Returned for revision March 30, 2003
Accepted May 12, 2003
Aluminum-Induced Gene Expression and Protein Localization of a Cell Wall-Associated Receptor Kinase in Arabidopsis
Mayandi Sivaguru , Bunichi Ezaki , Zheng-Hui He , Hongyun Tong , Hiroki Osawa , Franti ek Balu ka , Dieter Volkmann , and Hideaki Matsumoto *
Molecular Cytology Core Facility, Molecular Biology Program, 2 Tucker Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211-7400 (M.S.); Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan (B.E., H.O., H.M.); Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California 94132 (Z.-H.H., H.T.); and Department of Plant Cell Biology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University of Bonn, Kirchalle 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany (F.B., D.V.)
* Corresponding author; email: hmatsumo{at}rib.okayama-u.ac.jp.
Here, we report the aluminum (Al)-induced organ-specific expression of a WAK1 (cell wall-associated receptor kinase 1) gene and cell type-specific localization of WAK proteins in Arabidopsis. WAK1-specific reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed an Al-induced WAK1 gene expression in roots. Short- and long-term analysis of gene expression in root fractions showed a typical "on" and "off" pattern with a first peak at 3 h of Al exposure followed by a sharp decline at 6 h and a complete disappearance after 9 h of Al exposure, suggesting the WAK1 is a further representative of Al-induced early genes. In shoots, upon root Al exposure, an increased but stable WAK1 expression was observed. Using confocal microscopy, we visualized Al-induced closure of leaf stomata, consistent with previous suggestions that the Al stress primarily experienced in roots associated with the transfer of root-shoot signals. Elevated levels of WAK protein in root cells were observed through western blots after 6 h of Al exposure, indicating a lag time between the Al-induced WAK transcription and translation. WAK proteins are localized abundantly to peripheries of cortex cells within the elongation zone of the root apex. In these root cells, disintegration of cortical microtubules was observed after Al treatment but not after the Al analog lanthanum treatments. Tip-growing control root hairs, stem stomata, and leaf stomatal pores are characterized with high amounts of WAKs, suggesting WAKs are accumulating at plasma membrane domains, which suffer from mechanical stress and lack dense arrays of supporting cortical microtubules. Further, transgenic plants overexpressing WAK1 showed an enhanced Al tolerance in terms of root growth when compared with the wild-type plants, making the WAK1 one of the important candidates for plant defense against Al toxicity.
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