Plant Physiology Preview
Published on April 24, 2003; 10.1104/pp.103.023085
Received March 5, 2003
Returned for revision March 9, 2003
Accepted March 9, 2003
Identification and Characterization of Aluminum Tolerance Loci in Arabidopsis (Landsberg erecta x Columbia) by Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping. A Physiologically Simple But Genetically Complex Trait
Owen A. Hoekenga , Todd J. Vision , Jon E. Shaff , Antonio J. Monforte , Gung Pyo Lee , Stephen H. Howell , and Leon V. Kochian *
Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (O.A.H., J.E.S., L.V.K.); Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (T.J.V.); Departamento de Genética Vegetal, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologica Agroalimentaries, Ctra. Cabrils s/n, 08348, Cabrils, Spain (A.J.M.); Institute of Natural Science, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 139-774, Korea (G.P.L.); Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 (S.H.H.); and United States Plant, Soil and Nutrition Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York 14853 (L.V.K.)
* Corresponding author; email: lvk1{at}cornell.edu..
Aluminum (Al) toxicity, which is caused by the solubilization of Al3+ in acid soils resulting in inhibition of root growth and nutrient/water acquisition, is a serious limitation to crop production, because up to one-half of the world's potentially arable land is acidic. To date, however, no Al tolerance genes have yet been cloned. The physiological mechanisms of tolerance are somewhat better understood; the major documented mechanism involves the Al-activated release of Al-binding organic acids from the root tip, preventing uptake into the primary site of toxicity. In this study, a quantitative trait loci analysis of Al tolerance in Arabidopsis was conducted, which also correlated Al tolerance quantitative trait locus (QTL) with physiological mechanisms of tolerance. The analysis identified two major loci, which explain approximately 40% of the variance in Al tolerance observed among recombinant inbred lines derived from Landsberg erecta (sensitive) and Columbia (tolerant). We characterized the mechanism by which tolerance is achieved, and we found that the two QTL cosegregate with an Al-activated release of malate from Arabidopsis roots. Although only two of the QTL have been identified, malate release explains nearly all (95%) of the variation in Al tolerance in this population. Al tolerance in Landsberg erecta x Columbia is more complex genetically than physiologically, in that a number of genes underlie a single physiological mechanism involving root malate release. These findings have set the stage for the subsequent cloning of the genes responsible for the Al tolerance QTL, and a genomics-based cloning strategy and initial progress on this are also discussed.
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