Plant Physiology Preview
Published on December 30, 2003; 10.1104/pp.103.027888
Received May 31, 2003
Returned for revision August 1, 2003
Accepted October 7, 2003
Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Plant Root Interactions. Pathogenicity, Biofilm Formation, and Root Exudation
Travis S. Walker , Harsh Pal Bais , Eric Déziel , Herbert P. Schweizer , Laurence G. Rahme , Ray Fall , and Jorge M. Vivanco *
Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture (T.S.W., H.P.B., J.M.V.), Cell and Molecular Biology Program (J.M.V.), and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology (H.P.S.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital and Boston Shriners Institute (E.D., L.G.R.), Boston, Massachusetts 02114; and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (R.F.), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
* Corresponding author; email: jvivanco{at}lamar.colostate.edu.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen capable of forming a biofilm under physiological conditions that contributes to its persistence despite long-term treatment with antibiotics. Here, we report that pathogenic P. aeruginosa strains PAO1 and PA14 are capable of infecting the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum), in vitro and in the soil, and are capable of causing plant mortality 7 d postinoculation. Before plant mortality, PAO1 and PA14 colonize the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil and form a biofilm as observed by scanning electron microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Upon P. aeruginosa infection, sweet basil roots secrete rosmarinic acid (RA), a multifunctional caffeic acid ester that exhibits in vitro antibacterial activity against planktonic cells of both P. aeruginosa strains with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 3 µg mL-1. However, in our studies RA did not attain minimum inhibitory concentration levels in sweet basil’s root exudates before P. aeruginosa formed a biofilm that resisted the microbicidal effects of RA and ultimately caused plant mortality. We further demonstrated that P. aeruginosa biofilms were resistant to RA treatment under in vivo and in vitro conditions. In contrast, induction of RA secretion by sweet basil roots and exogenous supplementation of Arabidopsis root exudates with RA before infection conferred resistance to P. aeruginosa. Under the latter conditions, confocal scanning laser microscopy revealed large clusters of dead P. aeruginosa on the root surface of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and biofilm formation was not observed. Studies with quorum-sensing mutants PAO210 ( rhlI), PAO214 (lasI), and PAO216 (lasI rhlI) demonstrated that all of the strains were pathogenic to Arabidopsis, which does not naturally secrete RA as a root exudate. However, PAO214 was the only pathogenic strain toward sweet basil, and PAO214 biofilm appeared comparable with biofilms formed by wild-type strains of P. aeruginosa. Our results collectively suggest that upon root colonization, P. aeruginosa forms a biofilm that confers resistance against root-secreted antibiotics.
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