Plant Physiology Preview
Published on January 22, 2004; 10.1104/pp.103.031104
Received July 3, 2003
Returned for revision September 7, 2003
Accepted October 28, 2003
Accumulation of Carotenoids and Expression of Carotenoid Biosynthetic Genes during Maturation in Citrus Fruit
Masaya Kato *, Yoshinori Ikoma , Hikaru Matsumoto , Minoru Sugiura , Hiroshi Hyodo , and Masamichi Yano
Department of Citrus Research, National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Shimizu-okitsunakacho, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan (M.K., Y.I., H.M., M.S., M.Y.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan (H.H.)
* Corresponding author; email: masayaka{at}affrc.go.jp.
The relationship between carotenoid accumulation and the expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes during fruit maturation was investigated in three citrus varieties, Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.), Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck), and Lisbon lemon (Citrus limon Burm.f.). We cloned the cDNAs for phytoene synthase (CitPSY), phytoene desaturase (CitPDS),  -carotene (car) desaturase (CitZDS), carotenoid isomerase (CitCRTISO), lycopene  -cyclase (CitLCYb), -ring hydroxylase (CitHYb), zeaxanthin (zea) epoxidase (CitZEP), and lycopene  -cyclase (CitLCYe) from Satsuma mandarin, which shared high identities in nucleotide sequences with Valencia orange, Lisbon lemon, and other plant species. With the transition of peel color from green to orange, the change from ,-carotenoid ( -car and lutein) accumulation to ,-carotenoid (-car, -cryptoxanthin, zea, and violaxanthin) accumulation was observed in the flavedos of Satsuma mandarin and Valencia orange, accompanying the disappearance of CitLCYe transcripts and the increase in CitLCYb transcripts. Even in green fruit, high levels of ,-carotenoids and CitLCYe transcripts were not observed in the juice sacs. As fruit maturation progressed in Satsuma mandarin and Valencia orange, a simultaneous increase in the expression of genes (CitPSY, CitPDS, CitZDS, CitLCYb, CitHYb, and CitZEP) led to massive ,-xanthophyll (-cryptoxanthin, zea, and violaxanthin) accumulation in both the flavedo and juice sacs. The gene expression of CitCRTISO was kept low or decreased in the flavedo during massive ,-xanthophyll accumulation. In the flavedo of Lisbon lemon and Satsuma mandarin, massive accumulation of phytoene was observed with a decrease in the transcript level for CitPDS. Thus, the carotenoid accumulation during citrus fruit maturation was highly regulated by the coordination of the expression among carotenoid biosynthetic genes. In this paper, the mechanism leading to diversity in ,-xanthophyll compositions between Satsuma mandarin and Valencia orange was also discussed on the basis of the substrate specificity of -ring hydroxylase and the balance of expression between upstream synthesis genes (CitPSY, CitPDS, CitZDS, and CitLCYb) and downstream synthesis genes (CitHYb and CitZEP).
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
K. Livingstone and S. Anderson
Patterns of Variation in the Evolution of Carotenoid Biosynthetic Pathway Enzymes of Higher Plants
J. Hered.,
November 1, 2009;
100(6):
754 - 761.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Ahrazem, A. Rubio-Moraga, R. C. Lopez, and L. Gomez-Gomez
The expression of a chromoplast-specific lycopene beta cyclase gene is involved in the high production of saffron's apocarotenoid precursors
J. Exp. Bot.,
September 18, 2009;
(2009)
erp283v1.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Alquezar, L. Zacarias, and M. J. Rodrigo
Molecular and functional characterization of a novel chromoplast-specific lycopene {beta}-cyclase from Citrus and its relation to lycopene accumulation
J. Exp. Bot.,
April 1, 2009;
60(6):
1783 - 1797.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Liu, A. Zhu, L. Chai, W. Zhou, K. Yu, J. Ding, J. Xu, and X. Deng
Transcriptome analysis of a spontaneous mutant in sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] during fruit development
J. Exp. Bot.,
March 1, 2009;
60(3):
801 - 813.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Fujisawa, E. Takita, H. Harada, N. Sakurai, H. Suzuki, K. Ohyama, D. Shibata, and N. Misawa
Pathway engineering of Brassica napus seeds using multiple key enzyme genes involved in ketocarotenoid formation
J. Exp. Bot.,
March 1, 2009;
60(4):
1319 - 1332.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Clotault, D. Peltier, R. Berruyer, M. Thomas, M. Briard, and E. Geoffriau
Expression of carotenoid biosynthesis genes during carrot root development
J. Exp. Bot.,
October 1, 2008;
59(13):
3563 - 3573.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Azoulay Shemer, S. Harpaz-Saad, E. Belausov, N. Lovat, O. Krokhin, V. Spicer, K. G. Standing, E. E. Goldschmidt, and Y. Eyal
Citrus Chlorophyllase Dynamics at Ethylene-Induced Fruit Color-Break: A Study of Chlorophyllase Expression, Posttranslational Processing Kinetics, and in Situ Intracellular Localization
Plant Physiology,
September 1, 2008;
148(1):
108 - 118.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Liu, J. Xu, Y. Liu, X. Zhao, X. Deng, L. Guo, and J. Gu
A novel bud mutation that confers abnormal patterns of lycopene accumulation in sweet orange fruit (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck)
J. Exp. Bot.,
December 1, 2007;
58(15-16):
4161 - 4171.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Kato, H. Matsumoto, Y. Ikoma, H. Okuda, and M. Yano
The role of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases in the regulation of carotenoid profiles during maturation in citrus fruit
J. Exp. Bot.,
July 1, 2006;
57(10):
2153 - 2164.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Castillo, J.-A. Fernandez, and L. Gomez-Gomez
Implications of Carotenoid Biosynthetic Genes in Apocarotenoid Formation during the Stigma Development of Crocus sativus and Its Closer Relatives
Plant Physiology,
October 1, 2005;
139(2):
674 - 689.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
