Plant Physiology Preview
Published on March 29, 2004; 10.1104/pp.103.034165
Received October 22, 2003
Returned for revision January 19, 2004
Accepted January 19, 2004
Effects of Feeding Spodoptera littoralis on Lima Bean Leaves. I. Membrane Potentials, Intracellular Calcium Variations, Oral Secretions, and Regurgitate Components
Massimo Maffei , Simone Bossi , Dieter Spiteller , Axel Mithöfer , and Wilhelm Boland *
Department of Plant Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (M.M., S.B.); and Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (D.S., A.M., W.B.)
* Corresponding author; email: boland{at}ice.mpg.de.
Membrane potentials (V
m
) and intracellular calcium variations were studied in Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) leaves when the Mediterranean climbing cutworm (Spodoptera littoralis) was attacking the plants. In addition to the effect of the feeding insect the impact of several N-acyl Glns (volicitin, N-palmitoyl-Gln, N-linolenoyl-Gln) from the larval oral secretion was studied. The results showed that the early events upon herbivore attack were: a) a strong V
m
depolarization at the bite zone and an isotropic wave of V
m
depolarization spreading throughout the entire attacked leaf; b) a V
m
depolarization observed for the regurgitant but not with volicitin {N-(17-hydroxy-linolenoyl)-Gln} alone; c) an enhanced influx of Ca2+ at the very edge of the bite, which is halved, if the Ca2+ channel blocker Verapamil is used. Furthermore, the dose-dependence effects of N-acyl Gln conjugates-triggered influx of Ca2+ studied in transgenic aequorin-expressing soybean (Glycine max) cells, showed: a) a concentration-dependent influx of Ca2+; b) a configuration-independent effect concerning the stereochemistry of the amino acid moiety; c) a slightly reduced influx of Ca2+ after modification of the fatty acid backbone by functionalization with oxygen and; d) a comparable effect with the detergent SDS. Finally, the herbivore wounding causes a response in the plant cells that cannot be mimicked by mechanical wounding. The involvement of Ca2+ in signaling after herbivore wounding is discussed.
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