Plant Physiology Preview
Published on May 7, 2004; 10.1104/pp.103.036996
Received November 30, 2003
Returned for revision February 3, 2004
Accepted February 11, 2004
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS Genes Act Cell and Noncell Autonomously in Early Chloroplast Development
María de la Luz Gutiérrez-Nava , C. Stewart Gillmor , Luis F. Jiménez , Arturo Guevara-García , and Patricia León *
Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62271, Mexico (M.G.-N., A.G.-G., P.L.); Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington (C.S.G.) and Department of Biological Sciences (C.S.G.), Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305; and Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico D.F. 04510, Mexico (L.F.J.)
* Corresponding author; email: patricia{at}ibt.unam.mx.
In order to identify nuclear genes required for early chloroplast development, a collection of photosynthetic pigment mutants of Arabidopsis was assembled and screened for lines with extremely low levels of chlorophyll. Nine chloroplast biogenesis (clb) mutants that affect proplastid growth and thylakoid membrane formation and result in an albino seedling phenotype were identified. These mutations identify six new genes as well as a novel allele of cla1. clb mutants have less than 2% of wild-type chlorophyll levels, and little or no expression of nuclear and plastid-encoded genes required for chloroplast development and function. In all but one mutant, proplastids do not differentiate enough to form elongated stroma thylakoid membranes. Analysis of mutants during embryogenesis allows differentiation between CLB genes that act noncell autonomously, where partial maternal complementation of chloroplast development is observed in embryos, and those that act cell autonomously, where complementation during embryogenesis is not observed. Molecular characterization of the noncell autonomous clb4 mutant established that the CLB4 gene encodes for hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate synthase (HDS), the next to the last enzyme of the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway for the synthesis of plastidic isoprenoids. The noncell autonomous nature of the clb4 mutant suggests that products of the MEP pathway can travel between tissues, and provides in vivo evidence that some movement of MEP intermediates exists from the cytoplasm to the plastid. The isolation and characterization of clb mutants represents the first systematic study of genes required for early chloroplast development in Arabidopsis.
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