Plant Physiology Preview Published on July 9, 2004; 10.1104/pp.104.041699
Received February 26, 2004
Returned for revision April 26, 2004
Accepted April 27, 2004
Spermidine Synthase Genes Are Essential for Survival of Arabidopsis
Akihiro Imai , Takashi Matsuyama , Yoshie Hanzawa , Takashi Akiyama , Masanori Tamaoki , Hikaru Saji , Yumiko Shirano , Tomohiko Kato , Hiroaki Hayashi , Daisuke Shibata , Satoshi Tabata , Yoshibumi Komeda , and Taku Takahashi *
Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
Environmental Biology Division and Biodiversity Conservation Research Project, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan
Department of Low-Temperature Sciences, National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan
Mitsui Plant Biotechnology Research Institute (disbanded in March 1999), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0812, Japan
Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
Mitsui Plant Biotechnology Research Institute (disbanded in March 1999), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan; Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0812, Japan;
* Corresponding author; email: perfect{at}cc.okayama-u.ac.jp.
The cellular polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are ubiquitous in nature and have been implicated in a wide range of growth and developmental processes. There is little information, however, on mutant plants or animals defective in the synthesis of polyamines. The Arabidopsis genome has two genes encoding spermidine synthase, SPDS1 and SPDS2. In this paper, we describe T-DNA insertion mutants of both of these genes. While each mutant allele shows normal growth, spds1-1 spds2-1 double-mutant seeds are abnormally shrunken and they have embryos that are arrested morphologically at the heart-torpedo transition stage. These seeds contain significantly reduced levels of spermidine and high levels of its precursor, putrescine. The embryo lethal phenotype of spds1-1 spds2-1 is complemented by the wild-type SPDS1 gene. In addition, we observed a nearly identical seed phenotype among an F2 seed population from the cross between the spds2-1 allele and SPDS1 RNA interference transgenic lines. These data provide the first genetic evidence indicating a critical role of the spermidine synthase in plant embryo development.
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