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Published on October 1, 2004; 10.1104/pp.104.043612

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Received March 30, 2004
Returned for revision July 1, 2004
Accepted July 3, 2004

Expression Profiling in Medicago truncatula Identifies More Than 750 Genes Differentially Expressed during Nodulation, Including Many Potential Regulators of the Symbiotic Program

Fikri El Yahyaoui , Helge Küster , Besma Ben Amor , Natalija Hohnjec , Alfred Pühler , Anke Becker , Jérôme Gouzy , Tatiana Vernié , Clare Gough , Andreas Niebel , Laurence Godiard , and Pascal Gamas *

Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-Organismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France
Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Bielefeld, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany; International NRW Graduate School in Bioinformatics and Genome Research, Center for Biotechnology, Universität Bielefeld, D-33594 Bielefeld, Germany
Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Bielefeld, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany; Institute of Genome Research, Center for Biotechnology, Universität Bielefeld, D-33594 Bielefeld, Germany

* Corresponding author; email: gamas{at}toulouse.inra.fr.

In this study, we describe a large-scale expression-profiling approach to identify genes differentially regulated during the symbiotic interaction between the model legume Medicago truncatula and the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. Macro- and microarrays containing about 6,000 probes were generated on the basis of three cDNA libraries dedicated to the study of root symbiotic interactions. The experiments performed on wild-type and symbiotic mutant material led us to identify a set of 756 genes either up- or down-regulated at different stages of the nodulation process. Among these, 41 known nodulation marker genes were up-regulated as expected, suggesting that we have identified hundreds of new nodulation marker genes. We discuss the possible involvement of this wide range of genes in various aspects of the symbiotic interaction, such as bacterial infection, nodule formation and functioning, and defense responses. Importantly, we found at least 13 genes that are good candidates to play a role in the regulation of the symbiotic program. This represents substantial progress toward a better understanding of this complex developmental program.




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