Plant Physiology Preview
Published on November 24, 2004; 10.1104/pp.104.050344
Received July 21, 2004
Returned for revision September 17, 2004
Accepted September 17, 2004
Nitric Oxide Block of Outward-Rectifying K+ Channels Indicates Direct Control by Protein Nitrosylation in Guard Cells
Sergei Sokolovski and Michael R. Blatt *
Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
* Corresponding author; email: m.blatt{at}bio.gla.ac.uk.
Recent work has indicated that nitric oxide (NO) and its synthesis are important elements of signal cascades in plant pathogen defense and are a prerequisite for drought and abscisic acid responses in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and Vicia faba guard cells. Nonetheless, its mechanism(s) of action has not been well defined. NO regulates inward-rectifying K+ channels of Vicia guard cells through its action on Ca2+ release from intercellular Ca2+ stores, but alternative pathways are indicated for its action on the outward-rectifying K+ channels (IK,out), which are Ca2+ insensitive. We report here that NO affects IK,out when NO is elevated above approximately 10 to 20 nM. NO action on IK,out was consistent with oxidative stress and was suppressed by several reducing agents, the most effective being British anti-Lewisite (2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol). The effect of NO on the K+ channel was mimicked by phenylarsine oxide, an oxidizing agent that cross-links vicinal thiols. Neither intracellular pH buffering nor the phosphotyrosine kinase antagonist genistein affected NO action on IK,out, indicating that changes in cytosolic pH and tyrosine phosphorylation are unlikely to contribute to NO or phenylarsine oxide action in this instance. Instead, our results strongly suggest that NO directly modifies the K+ channel or a closely associated regulatory protein, probably by nitrosylation of cysteine sulfhydryl groups.
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