Plant Physiology Preview
Published on December 23, 2004; 10.1104/pp.104.052811
Received September 3, 2004
Returned for revision November 15, 2004
Accepted November 23, 2004
Integration of Flowering Signals in Winter-Annual Arabidopsis
Scott D. Michaels , Edward Himelblau , Sang Yeol Kim , Fritz M. Schomburg , and Richard M. Amasino *
Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
* Corresponding author; email: amasino{at}biochem.wisc.edu.
Photoperiod is the primary environmental factor affecting flowering time in rapid-cycling accessions of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Winter-annual Arabidopsis, in contrast, have both a photoperiod and a vernalization requirement for rapid flowering. In winter annuals, high levels of the floral inhibitor FLC (FLOWERING LOCUS C) suppress flowering prior to vernalization. FLC acts to delay flowering, in part, by suppressing expression of the floral promoter SOC1 (SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1). Vernalization leads to a permanent epigenetic suppression of FLC. To investigate how winter-annual accessions integrate signals from the photoperiod and vernalization pathways, we have examined activation-tagged alleles of FT and the FT homolog, TSF (TWIN SISTER OF FT), in a winter-annual background. Activation of FT or TSF strongly suppresses the FLC-mediated late-flowering phenotype of winter annuals; however, FT and TSF overexpression does not affect FLC mRNA levels. Rather, FT and TSF bypass the block to flowering created by FLC by activating SOC1 expression. We have also found that FLC acts as a dosage-dependent inhibitor of FT expression. Thus, the integration of flowering signals from the photoperiod and vernalization pathways occurs, at least in part, through the regulation of FT, TSF, and SOC1.
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