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Published on January 21, 2005; 10.1104/pp.104.055996

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Received November 3, 2004
Returned for revision December 9, 2004
Accepted December 15, 2004

{beta}-Maltose Is the Metabolically Active Anomer of Maltose during Transitory Starch Degradation

Sean E. Weise , Kirsten S. Kim , Robert P. Stewart , and Thomas D. Sharkey *

Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706

* Corresponding author; email: tsharkey{at}wisc.edu.

Maltose is the major form of carbon exported from the chloroplast at night as a result of transitory starch breakdown. Maltose exists as an {alpha}- or {beta}-anomer. We developed an enzymatic technique for distinguishing between the two anomers of maltose and tested the accuracy and specificity of this technique using {beta}-maltose liberated from maltoheptose by {beta}-amylase. This technique was used to investigate which form of maltose is present during transitory starch degradation in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), wild-type Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), two starch deficient Arabidopsis lines, and one starch-excess mutant of Arabidopsis. In Phaseolus and wild-type Arabidopsis, {beta}-maltose levels were low during the day but were much higher at night. In Arabidopsis plants unable to metabolize maltose due to a T-DNA insertion in the gene for the cytosolic amylomaltase, (Y. Lu, T.D. Sharkey [2004] Planta 218: 466-473) levels of {alpha}- and {beta}-maltose were high during both the day and night. In starchless mutants of Arabidopsis, total maltose levels were low and almost completely in the {alpha}-form. We also found that the subcellular concentration of {beta}-maltose at night was greater in the chloroplast than in the cytosol by 278 µM. We conclude that {beta}-maltose is the metabolically active anomer of maltose and that a sufficient gradient of {beta}-maltose exists between the chloroplast and cytosol to allow for passive transport of maltose out of chloroplasts at night.




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