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Published on March 18, 2005; 10.1104/pp.104.057018

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Received November 19, 2004
Returned for revision January 27, 2005
Accepted January 30, 2005

Conservation of Arabidopsis Flowering Genes in Model Legumes

Valérie Hecht , Fabrice Foucher , Cristina Ferrándiz , Richard Macknight , Cristina Navarro , Julie Morin , Megan E. Vardy , Noel Ellis , José Pío Beltrán , Catherine Rameau , and James L. Weller *

School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
Station de Génétique et d'Amélioration des Plantes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78026 Versailles, France
Departamento de Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
Department of Biochemistry, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand
Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom

* Corresponding author; email: jim.weller{at}utas.edu.au.

The model plants Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa) have provided a wealth of information about genes and genetic pathways controlling the flowering process, but little is known about the corresponding pathways in legumes. The garden pea (Pisum sativum) has been used for several decades as a model system for physiological genetics of flowering, but the lack of molecular information about pea flowering genes has prevented direct comparison with other systems. To address this problem, we have searched expressed sequence tag and genome sequence databases to identify flowering-gene-related sequences from Medicago truncatula, soybean (Glycine max), and Lotus japonicus, and isolated corresponding sequences from pea by degenerate-primer polymerase chain reaction and library screening. We found that the majority of Arabidopsis flowering genes are represented in pea and in legume sequence databases, although several gene families, including the MADS-box, CONSTANS, and FLOWERING LOCUS T/TERMINAL FLOWER1 families, appear to have undergone differential expansion, and several important Arabidopsis genes, including FRIGIDA and members of the FLOWERING LOCUS C clade, are conspicuously absent. In several cases, pea and Medicago orthologs are shown to map to conserved map positions, emphasizing the closely syntenic relationship between these two species. These results demonstrate the potential benefit of parallel model systems for an understanding of flowering phenology in crop and model legume species.




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