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Published on August 19, 2005; 10.1104/pp.105.065656

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Received May 15, 2005
Returned for revision June 23, 2005
Accepted June 24, 2005

Activation of a Novel Transcription Factor through Phosphorylation by WIPK, a Wound-Induced Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Tobacco Plants

Yun-Kiam Yap , Yutaka Kodama , Frank Waller , Kwi Mi Chung , Hirokazu Ueda , Kimiyo Nakamura , Maren Oldsen , Hiroshi Yoda , Yube Yamaguchi , and Hiroshi Sano *

Research and Education Center for Genetic Information, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan

* Corresponding author; email: sano{at}gtc.naist.jp.

Wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK) is a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) mitogen-activated protein kinase known to play an essential role in defense against wounding and pathogens, although its downstream targets have yet to be clarified. This study identified a gene encoding a protein of 648 amino acids, which directly interacts with WIPK, designated as N. tabacum WIPK-interacting factor (NtWIF). The N-terminal region with approximately 250 amino acids showed a high similarity to the plant-specific DNA binding domain, B3, but no other similarity with known proteins. The C terminus of approximately 200 amino acids appeared to be essential for the interaction with WIPK, and a Luciferase-reporter gene assay using Bright Yellow 2 cells indicated the full-length protein to possess trans-activation activity, located to the middle region of approximately 200 amino acids. In vitro phosphorylation assays indicated that WIPK efficiently phosphorylates the full-length protein and the N terminus but not the C terminus. When full-length NtWIF was coexpressed with WIPK in Bright Yellow 2 cells, the Luciferase transcriptional activity increased up to 5-fold that of NtWIF alone, whereas no effect was observed with a kinase-deficient WIPK mutant. Transcripts of NtWIF began to simultaneously accumulate with those of WIPK 30 min after wounding and 1 h after the onset of hypersensitive response upon tobacco mosaic virus infection. These results suggest that NtWIF is a transcription factor that is directly phosphorylated by WIPK, thereby being activated for transcription of target gene(s) involved in wound and pathogen responses.




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