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Published on January 20, 2006; 10.1104/pp.105.070565

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Received August 26, 2005
Returned for revision October 19, 2005
Accepted January 5, 2006

The Arabidopsis zinc finger-homeodomain genes encode proteins with unique biochemical properties that are coordinately expressed during floral development

Queenie K.-G. Tan and Vivian F. Irish *

Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8104; Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8064
Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8104; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106

* Corresponding author; email: Vivian.irish{at}yale.edu.

Arabidopsis contains approximately 100 homeobox genes, many of which have been shown to play critical roles in various developmental processes. Here we characterize the zinc finger-homeodomain (ZF-HD) subfamily of homeobox genes, consisting of 14 members in Arabidopsis. We demonstrate that the homeodomains of the ZF-HD proteins share some similarities with other known homeodomains in Arabidopsis, but they contain distinct features that cluster them as a unique class of plant homeodomain-containing proteins. We have carried out mutational analyses to show that the non-canonical residues present in the homeodomains of this family of proteins are important for function. Yeast two-hybrid matrix analyses of the ZF-HD proteins reveal that these proteins both homo- and heterodimerize, which may contribute to greater selectivity in DNA-binding. These assays also show that most of these proteins do not contain an intrinsic activation domain, suggesting that interactions with other factors are required for transcriptional activation. We also show that the family members are all expressed predominantly or exclusively in floral tissue, indicating a likely regulatory role during floral development. Furthermore, we have identified loss of function mutations for six of these genes that individually show no obvious phenotype, supporting the idea that the encoded proteins have common roles in floral development. Based on these results, we propose the ZF-HD gene family encodes a group of transcriptional regulators with unique biochemical activities that play overlapping regulatory roles in Arabidopsis floral development.




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