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Published on March 10, 2006; 10.1104/pp.105.072637

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Received October 11, 2005
Returned for revision December 22, 2005
Accepted February 21, 2006

Long distance shoot to root transport of phytochelatins in Arabidopsis and improved grafting in mature Arabidopsis plants

Alice Chen , Elizabeth A. Komives , and Julian I. Schroeder *

Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Molecular Genetics University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, California 92093-0116
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, California 92093-4324

* Corresponding author; email: julian{at}biomail.ucsd.edu.

Phytochelatins (PCs) are peptides that function in heavy metal chelation and detoxification in plants and fungi. A recent study showed that phytochelatins have the ability to undergo long distance transport in a root to shoot direction in transgenic Arabidopsis. To determine whether long distance transport of phytochelatins can occur in the opposite direction, from shoots to roots, the wheat phytochelatin synthase (TaPCS1) gene was expressed under the control of a shoot specific promoter (CAB2) in an Arabidopsis PC-deficient mutant cad1-3 (CAB2::TaPCS1/cad1-3). Analyses demonstrated that TaPCS1 is expressed only in shoots and that CAB2::TaPCS1/cad1-3 lines complement the cadmium and arsenic metal sensitivity of cad1-3 shoots. CAB2::TaPCS1/cad1-3 plants exhibited higher cadmium accumulation in roots and lower cadmium accumulation in shoots compared to wildtype. Fluorescence HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry analyses directly detected the phytochelatin PC2 in the roots of CAB2:TaPCS1/cad1-3, but not in cad1-3 controls, suggesting that PC2 is transported over long distances in the shoot to root direction. In addition, wildtype shoot tissues were grafted onto phytochelatin synthase cad1-3 atpcs2-1 double loss-of-function mutant root tissues. An Arabidopsis grafting technique for mature plants was modified to obtain an 84% success rate, significantly greater than a previous rate of approximately 11%. Fluorescence HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry showed the presence of the phytochelatins PC2, PC3, and PC4 in the root tissue of grafts between wild type shoots and cad1-3 atpcs2-1 double mutant roots, demonstrating that phytochelatins are transported over long distances from shoots to roots in Arabidopsis.




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W.-J. Guo, M. Meetam, and P. B. Goldsbrough
Examining the Specific Contributions of Individual Arabidopsis Metallothioneins to Copper Distribution and Metal Tolerance
Plant Physiology, April 1, 2008; 146(4): 1697 - 1706.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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