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Published on February 24, 2006; 10.1104/pp.105.073486

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Received October 27, 2005
Returned for revision January 15, 2006
Accepted February 9, 2006

HvVRN2 responds to day-length whereas HvVRN1 is regulated by vernalization and developmental status

Ben Trevaskis , Megan N Hemming , W James Peacock , and Elizabeth S Dennis *

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia

* Corresponding author; email: liz.dennis{at}csiro.au.

Two genetic loci control the vernalization response in winter cereals; VRN1 which encodes an AP1-like MADS box transcription factor, and VRN2, which has been mapped to a chromosome region containing ZCCT zinc finger transcription factor genes. We examined whether day-length regulates expression of HvVRN1 and HvVRN2. In a vernalization-responsive winter barley, expression of HvVRN1 is regulated by vernalization and by development, but not by day-length. Day-length affected HvVRN1 expression in only one of six vernalization-insensitive spring barleys examined and so cannot be a general feature of regulation of this gene. In contrast, day-length is the major determinant of expression levels of two ZCCT genes found at the barley VRN2 locus, HvZCCTa and HvZCCTb. In a winter barley, high levels of HvZCCTa and HvZCCTb expression were detected only when plants were grown in long-days. During vernalization in long-day conditions HvVRN1 is induced and expression of HvZCCTb is repressed. During vernalization under short days, induction of HvVRN1 occurs without changes in HvZCCTa and HvZCCTb expression. Analysis of HvZCCTa and HvZCCTb expression levels in a doubled haploid population segregating for different vernalization and day-length requirements showed that HvVRN1 genotype determines HvZCCTa and HvZCCTb expression levels. We conclude that the vernalization response is mediated through HvVRN1 whereas HvZCCTa and HvZCCTb respond to day-length cues to repress flowering under long-days in non-vernalized plants.




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