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Published on February 3, 2006; 10.1104/pp.105.074146

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Received November 17, 2005
Returned for revision December 21, 2005
Accepted January 5, 2006

AtATM3 is involved in heavy metal resistance in Arabidopsis

Do-Young Kim , Lucien Bovet , Sergei Kushnir , Eun Woon Noh , Enrico Martinoia , and Youngsook Lee *

National Research Laboratory of Phytoremediation, Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
University of Bern, Institute of Plant Sciences, Plant Nutrition, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
Korea Forest Research Institute, 44-3 Omokchun-dong, Suwon, 441-350, Korea
National Research Laboratory of Phytoremediation, Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Korea; Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Universität Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
National Research Laboratory of Phytoremediation, Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Korea; Korea Forest Research Institute, 44-3 Omokchun-dong, Suwon, 441-350, Korea;

* Corresponding author; email: ylee{at}postech.ac.kr.

AtATM3, an ABC transporter of Arabidopsis thaliana, is a mitochondrial protein involved in the biogenesis of Fe/S clusters, and iron homeostasis in plants. Our gene expression analysis showed that AtATM3 is upregulated in roots of plants treated with Cd(II) or Pb(II), hence we investigated whether this gene is involved in heavy metal tolerance. We found that AtATM3 overexpressing plants were enhanced in resistance to cadmium, whereas atatm3 mutant plants were more sensitive to cadmium than their wild-type controls. Moreover, atatm3 mutant plants expressing 35S promoter-driven AtATM3 were more resistant to cadmium than wild type plants. Since previous reports often showed that the cytosolic glutathione level is positively correlated with heavy metal resistance, we measured non-protein thiols (NPSH) in these mutant plants. Surprisingly, we found that atatm3 contained more NPSH than the wild-type under normal conditions. AtATM3 overexpressing plants did not differ under normal conditions, but contained less NPSH than wild-type plants when exposed to Cd(II). These results suggest a role for AtATM3 in regulating cellular NPSH level, a hypothesis that was further supported by our gene expression study. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of the glutathione biosynthesis led to the elevated expression of AtATM3, whereas expression of the glutathione synthase gene GSH1 was increased under Cd(II) stress and in the atatm3 mutant. Since the closest homologue of AtATM3 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, HMT1, is a vacuolar membrane localized phytochelatin-Cd transporter, it is tempting to speculate that glutathione-Cd(II) complexes formed in the mitochondria are exported by AtATM3. In conclusion, our data show that AtATM3 contributes to cadmium resistance, and suggest that it may mediate transport of GS-conjugated Cd(II) across the mitochondrial membrane.




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