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Published on June 23, 2006; 10.1104/pp.105.076075

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Received December 21, 2005
Returned for revision January 26, 2006
Accepted May 25, 2006

L1 division and differentiation patterns influence shoot apical meristem maintenance

Sharon Kessler , Brad Townsley , and Neelima Sinha *

Section of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616

* Corresponding author; email: nrsinha{at}ucdavis.edu.

Plant development requires regulation of both cell division and differentiation. The class 1 KNOTTED1-like homeobox (KNOX) genes such as knotted1 (kn1) in Zea mays (maize) and SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM) in Arabidopsis thaliana play a role in maintaining SAM (shoot apical meristem) indeterminacy and their misexpression is sufficient to induce cell division and meristem formation. KNOX overexpression experiments have shown that these genes interact with the cytokinin, auxin and GA pathways. The L1 layer has been shown to be necessary for the maintenance of indeterminacy in the underlying meristem layers. This work explores the possibility that the L1 affects meristem function by disrupting hormone transport pathways. The semi-dominant Extra cell layers1 (Xcl1) mutation in maize leads to the production of multiple epidermal layers by overproduction of a normal gene product. Meristem size is reduced in mutant plants and more cells are incorporated into the incipient leaf primordium. Thus Xcl1 may provide a link between L1 division patterns, hormonal pathways, and meristem maintenance. We used double mutants between Xcl1 and dominant KNOX mutants and showed that Xcl1 suppresses the Kn1 phenotype but has a synergistic interaction with Gn1 and Rs1, possibly correlated with changes in GA and auxin signaling. In addition, double mutants between Xcl1 and crinkly4 had defects in shoot meristem maintenance. Thus, proper L1 development is essential for meristem function, and XCL1 may act to coordinate hormonal effects with KNOX gene function at the shoot apex






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