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Published on March 16, 2006; 10.1104/pp.106.076711

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Received January 12, 2006
Returned for revision February 16, 2006
Accepted February 16, 2006

Recruitment of Novel Calcium-Binding Proteins for Root Nodule Symbiosis in Medicago truncatula

Junqi Liu , Susan S. Miller , Michelle Graham , Bruna Bucciarelli , Christina M. Catalano , D. Janine Sherrier , Deborah A. Samac , Sergey Ivashuta , Maria Fedorova , Peter Matsumoto , J. Stephen Gantt , and Carroll P. Vance *

Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, St. Paul, MN 55108
Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19711

* Corresponding author; email: vance004{at}umn.edu.

Legume-rhizobia symbiotic nitrogen (N2 ) fixation plays a critical role in sustainable N management in agriculture and in Earth's N cycle. Signaling between rhizobia and legumes initiates development of a unique plant organ, the root nodule, where the bacteria undergo endocytosis and become surrounded by a plant membrane to form a symbiosome (Sym). Between this membrane and the encased bacteria there exists a matrix-filled space (the symbiosome space, SymS) that is thought to contain a mixture of plant- and bacterially-derived proteins . Maintenance of the symbiosis state requires continuous communication between the plant and bacterial partners. Here we show in the model legume Medicago truncatula (M. truncatula) that a novel family of six calmodulin-like proteins (CaMLs), expressed specifically in root nodules, are localized within the SymS. All six nodule-specific CaML genes are clustered in the M. truncatula genome along with two other nodule-specific genes nodulin-22 and nodulin-25. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis suggests that an unequal recombination event occurred between nodulin-25 and a nearby calmodulin (CaM) gave rise to the first CaML and the gene family evolved by tandem duplication and divergence. The data provide striking evidence for the recruitment of a ubiquitious Ca2+-binding gene for symbiotic purposes.




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