Plant Physiol. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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Published on April 21, 2006; 10.1104/pp.106.076976

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Received January 19, 2006
Returned for revision March 7, 2006
Accepted April 17, 2006

Glycinebetaine Counteracts the Inhibitory Effects of Salt Stress on the Degradation and Synthesis of the D1 Protein during Photoinhibition in Synechococcus

Norikazu Ohnishi and Norio Murata *

National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan

* Corresponding author; email: murata{at}nibb.ac.jp.

Glycinebetaine (betaine) is a compatible solute that accumulates in certain plants and microorganisms in response to various types of stress. We demonstrated previously that, when the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 is transformed with the codA gene for choline oxidase, it can synthesize betaine from exogenously supplied choline, exhibiting enhanced tolerance to salt stress and cold stress. In this study, we examined the effects of salt stress and betaine synthesis on the photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII). Salt stress due to 220 mM NaCl enhanced the photoinhibition of PSII and betaine protected PSII against photoinhibition under these conditions. However, neither salt stress nor betaine synthesis affected the photodamage to PSII. By contrast, salt stress inhibited the repair of photodamaged PSII and betaine reversed this inhibitory effect of salt stress. Pulse-chase labeling experiments revealed that salt stress inhibited the degradation of the D1 protein in photodamaged PSII and the synthesis of D1 de novo. By contrast, betaine protected the machinery required for the degradation and synthesis of D1 under salt stress. Neither salt stress nor betaine affected levels of psbA transcripts. These observations suggest that betaine counteracts the inhibitory effects of salt stress, with resultant accelerated repair of photodamaged PSII.




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