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Published on June 15, 2006; 10.1104/pp.106.077388

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Received January 21, 2006
Returned for revision February 20, 2006
Accepted June 6, 2006

Characterization of the Class IV Homeodomain-Leucine Zipper (HD-ZIP IV) Gene Family in Arabidopsis

Miyuki Nakamura , Hiroshi Katsumata , Mitsutomo Abe , Naoto Yabe , Yoshibumi Komeda , Kotaro T. Yamamoto , and Taku Takahashi *

Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
Division of Bioscience, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan

* Corresponding author; email: perfect{at}cc.okayama-u.ac.jp.

The Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains 16 genes belonging to the class IV homeodomain leucine-zipper (HD-ZIP IV) gene family. These include GL2, ANL2, FWA, ATML1 and PDF2. Our previous study revealed that atml1 pdf2 double mutants have severe defects in the shoot epidermal cell differentiation. Here, we have characterized additional members of this gene family, which we designated HDG1 through HDG12. Analyses of transgenic Arabidopsis plants carrying the gene-specific promoter fused to the bacterial {beta}-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene revealed that some of the promoters have high activities in the epidermal layer of the shoot apical meristem and developing shoot organs, while others are temporarily active during reproductive organ development. Expression profiles of highly conserved paralogous gene pairs within the family were found to be not necessarily overlapping. Analyses of T-DNA insertion mutants of these HDG genes revealed that all mutants except hdg11 alleles exhibit no abnormal phenotypes. hdg11 mutants show excess branching of the trichome. This phenotype is enhanced in hdg11 hdg12 double mutants. Double mutants were constructed for other paralogous gene pairs and genes within the same subfamily. However, novel phenotypes were observed only for hdg3 atml1 and hdg3 pdf2 mutants which both exhibited defects in cotyledon development. These observations suggest that some of the HD-ZIP IV members act redundantly with other members of the family during various aspects of cell differentiation. DNA-binding sites were determined for two of the family members using PCR-assisted DNA selection from random oligonucleotides with their recombinant proteins. The binding sites were found to be similar to those previously identified for ATML1 and PDF2, which correspond to the pseudo-palindromic sequence 5'-GCATTAAATGC-3' as the preferential binding site.




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