Plant Physiol. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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Published on May 26, 2006; 10.1104/pp.106.082743

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Received April 28, 2006
Returned for revision May 22, 2006
Accepted May 22, 2006

Trichomes of tobacco excrete zinc as Zn-substituted calcium carbonate and other Zn-containing compounds

Géraldine Sarret , Emiko Harada , Yong-Eui Choi *, Marie-Pierre Isaure , Nicolas Geoffroy , Sirine Fakra , Matthew A. Marcus , Mandy Birschwilks , Stephan Clemens , and Alain Manceau

Environmental Geochemistry Group, LGIT, University of Grenoble and CNRS, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
Environmental Geochemistry Group, LGIT, University of Grenoble and CNRS, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; Division of Forestry Resources, College of Forest Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Kangwon-do, Korea; Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
Division of Forestry Resources, College of Forest Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Kangwon-do, Korea
Advanced Light Source (ALS), Berkeley Lab, MS 6-2100, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany

* Corresponding author; email: yechoi{at}kangwon.ac.kr.

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi) plants were exposed to toxic levels of zinc. Zn exposure resulted in toxicity signs in plants, and these damages were partly reduced by a Ca supplement. Confocal imaging of intracellular Zn using Zinquin showed that Zn was preferentially accumulated in trichomes. Exposure to Zn and Zn + Ca increased the trichome density, and induced the production of Ca/Zn mineral grains on the head cells of trichomes. These grains were aggregates of sub-micrometer-sized crystals and poorly crystalline material, and contained Ca as major element, along with subordinate amounts of Zn, Mn, K, Cl, P, Si, and Mg. Micro X-ray diffraction (µXRD) revealed that the large majority of the grains were composed essentially of metal-substituted calcite (calcium carbonate). Ca carbonate polymorphs (aragonite and vaterite), and Ca oxalate mono- and dihydrate also were identified, either as an admixture to calcite or in separate grains. Some grains did not diffract, although they contained Ca, suggesting the presence of amorphous form of Ca. The presence of Zn-substituted calcite was confirmed by Zn K-edge micro extended X-ray absorption fine structure (µEXAFS) spectroscopy. Zn bound to organic compounds, and Zn-containing silica and phosphate were also identified by this technique. The proportion of Zn-substituted calcite relative to the other species increased with Ca exposure. The production of Zn-containing biogenic calcite and other Zn compounds through the trichomes is a novel mechanism involved in Zn detoxification. This study illustrates the potential of laterally resolved X-ray synchrotron radiation techniques to study biomineralization and metal homeostasis processes in plants.




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