Plant Physiology Preview
Published on July 7, 2006; 10.1104/pp.106.083907
Received May 22, 2006
Accepted June 26, 2006
Herbivore-Induced Resistance Against Microbial Pathogens in Arabidopsis
Martin De Vos , Wendy Van Zaanen , Annemart Koornneef , Jerôme P. Korzelius , Marcel Dicke , L.C. Van Loon , and Corné M.J. Pieterse *
Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Section Phytopathology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 800.84, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
* Corresponding author; email: C.M.J.Pieterse{at}bio.uu.nl.
Caterpillars of the herbivore Pieris rapae stimulate the production of jasmonates (JAs) and ethylene (ET) in Arabidopsis, and trigger a defense response that affects insect performance on systemic tissues. To investigate the spectrum of effectiveness of P. rapae-induced resistance, we examined the level of resistance against different pathogens. Although the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola is sensitive to JA-dependent defenses, herbivore-induced resistance was not effective against this pathogen. By contrast, caterpillar feeding significantly reduced disease caused by the bacterial pathogens Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae. However, this effect was apparent only locally in the caterpillar-damaged tissue. Arabidopsis mutants jar1, coi1, ein2, sid2, eds5, and npr1 showed wild-type levels of P. rapae-induced protection against P. syringae pv. tomato, suggesting that this local, herbivore-induced defense response does not dependent exclusively on either JA, ET, or salicylic acid (SA). Resistance against the biotroph turnip crinkle virus (TCV) requires SA, but not JA and ET. Nevertheless, herbivore feeding strongly affected TCV multiplication and TCV lesion formation, also in systemic tissues. Wounding alone was not effective, but application of P. rapae regurgitate onto the wounds induced a similar level of protection. Analysis of SA-induced PR-1 expression revealed that P. rapae grazing primed Arabidopsis leaves for augmented expression of SA-dependent defenses. Pharmacological experiments showed that ET acts synergistically on SA-induced PR-1, suggesting that the increased production of ET upon herbivore feeding sensitizes the tissue to respond faster to SA, thereby contributing to an enhanced defensive capacity towards pathogens, such as TCV, that trigger SA-dependent defenses upon infection.
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